The Estevan riot, also known as the Black Tuesday Riot, was a confrontation between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and striking coal miners from nearby Bienfait, Saskatchewan, which took place in Estevan, Saskatchewan, on September 29, 1931. The miners had been on strike since September 7, 1931, hoping to improve their wages and working conditions.
| Estevan Riot | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 RCMP officers during the Estevan Riot | |||
| Date | September 29, 1931 | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by | Labour unrest from coal miners | ||
| Goals | Improved wages and working conditions | ||
| Methods | Protest march | ||
| Parties | |||
| Casualties | |||
| Death(s) | 3 | ||
Background
editThe region's mining work was seasonal; during the rest of the year, between April and August, miners would work in the fields to supplement wages before they returned to the mines. However, the droughts in the prairies and the overall economic situation in Canada made that impossible. That led to an increasing number of men looking for work in the mines, which let mining companies to choose their workers.[1]
Furthermore, according to the Royal Commission that investigated the strike, Saskatchewan miners made half as much as their counterparts in Alberta and in British Columbia.[2] Most of the miners and their families lived within company housing. Annie Barylik, the sixteen-year-old daughter of a miner at Bienfait Mines, described the conditions:
One bedroom, two beds in there, dining room, no beds in there, kitchen, one bed, and eleven in the family.... I think we need a bigger place than that. When it is raining the rain comes in the kitchen. There is only one ply of paper, cardboard paper nailed to about two-inch wood board.... It is all coming down and cracked... When the weather is frosty, when you wake up in the morning you cannot walk on the floor because it is all full of snow, right around the room.[3]
The miners were represented at the bargaining table by the local branch of the Mine Workers' Union of Canada (MWUC), which had been organized by the Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, the Workers' Unity League.
Strike and riot
editThe local branch of the Mine Workers' Union of Canada in Bienfait demanded a wage increase, an end to the company store monopoly, better living conditions, and improved workplace safety. The mining company refused to recognize the union as legitimate and refused their demands.[4]
On 7 September 1931, Bienfait coal miners voted to go on strike. Annie Buller, working with the Workers' Unity League, spoke in nearby Estevan in support of the striking workers.
On 29 September miners assembled in Estevan with their families to parade through the city in order to draw attention to their strike. As they walked from Beinfait to Estevan, they were met with lines of police officers. Upon entering the town square, the RCMP confronted the miners and attempted to block and break up the procession. Police violence broke out, and the RCMP opened fire on the strikers and killed four people and injured numerous others. Among those killed were miners Peter Markunas, Nick Nargan, Julian Gryshko and Mike Kyatick.[5][6]
The following morning, 90 RCMP officers raided the miner's homes. 13 strikers and union leader were arrested on charges of rioting. Annie Buller was sentenced to one year of hard labour, to be completed at the Battleford Jail, and a $500 fine.[7] The RCMP officers involved with the killing of the miners were not charged.
On 6 October, the mining company conceded to key demands including a $4 minimum wage, an eight-hour working day, reduced rent, and an end to the company store monopoly.[8]
Resolution
editAfter a meeting with Royal Commission Counsel, members of both parties signed the following agreement:
We, the mine operators and employees in conference at the court-house Estevan, this sixth day of October, 1931, hereby agree that the mines be opened immediately and the men return to work on following conditions, viz.:
(1) That this be considered a temporary arrangement pending the findings of the Wylie Royal Commission and the possible drafting of a working agreement between the operators and the men.
(2) That committees of employees for each mine be a recognized organization in each mine.
(3) That the provisions of the Mines Act be observed in relation to check-weighers.
(4) That all water in the roadways and working face be removed by the company and that such places be kept as dry as possible.
(5) That the terms of any schedule or agreement finally reached between the operators and the men be made retroactive to the date of re-commencement of work by them.
(6) That there shall be no victimization or discrimination against men on account of the strike, particularly in reference to men on the payrolls as at September 7 last.
(7) That contract men be employed on an eight-hour basis, face to face, and the company men work nine hours a day.
(8) That because of working conditions in the various mines. the removal of slack and questions of overweight be left to negotiations between the operators and the committees of employees.[9]
Legacy
editThe event is still controversial in Estevan. The three striking miners killed have the inscription "murdered by RCMP" on their headstone, and locals still alternately erase and restore those words.[10] The Saskatchewan Federation of Labour has created a plaque to memorialize the strikers.
Popular culture
editThe riot was depicted in the controversial movie Prairie Giant: the Tommy Douglas Story in which Tommy Douglas is falsely portrayed to be present. Also, James Garfield Gardiner is portrayed as then being premier of Saskatchewan, but it was really James Thomas Milton Anderson.
The riot was depicted by James Keelaghan in the title track of his 1990 album Small Rebellions.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "On Strike: Chapter 2 (part 1)". 2007-05-21. Archived from the original on 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
- ^ Hanson, Stanley Duane (1971). The Estevan Strike and Riot. University of Saskatchewan, Regina. p. 50.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ [null] Wylie Commission, Proceedings, vol. 3, pp. 77-78.
- ^ "Estevan Coal Miners' Strike 1931 | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ "Estevan Riot 1931: Weighing the Causes | Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan". www.saskarchives.com. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ Gambone and Asperovitz. They Died For You. pp. 18–20.
- ^ Deshaw, Garnet. "Buller, Annie (1896-1973)". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.
- ^ "Striking workers shot and killed while marching with their families". Canadian Labour Congress. 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ "Preliminary Agreement," p. 9.
- ^ Hewitt, Steven (1997-01-01). "September 1931: A Re-interpretation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Handling of the 1931 Estevan Strike and Riot". Labour / Le Travail. 39: 159–178. doi:10.2307/25144110. ISSN 1911-4842. JSTOR 25144110.
External links
edit- Regina Leader Post Article on the Riot from the following day
- A Personal Editorial on the Riot including Photographs of Commemorative Plaques
- 1931 strike in Estevan Mercury
- A Paper discussing the Strike and Subsequent Riot
- Review of Bienfait: The Saskatchewan Miners' Struggle of '31 (Stephen L. Endicott, Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2002) by Lorne Brown, Labour/Le Travail 52 (Fall 2003).
- Estevan Coal Strike, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
- Estevan Strike and Riot, 1931, Oral History Centre (University of Winnipeg)