Blackburnia is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae, from the Hawaiian Islands.[1][2][3] More than 40 of Blackburnia's 140 species have been described since 2000. 14 species have not been recently observed (over the past 50 years on Oahu or 100 years on the other islands). All the known extinct species have been discovered since 2015.[1][2][3]
| Blackburnia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Blackburnia kilauea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Platyninae |
| Tribe: | Platynini |
| Subtribe: | Platynina |
| Genus: | Blackburnia Sharp, 1878 |
| Subgenera | |
| |
| Diversity | |
| at least 140 species | |
Distribution
editThe Hawaiian Islands are a string of islands increasing in age from the "big island" of Hawaii in the southeast the youngest, at 500,000 years old, with successively older islands toward the northwest. Kure Atoll, in the far northwest of the Hawaiian chain, has an estimated age of 28 to 30 million years. The beetles of Blackburnia have been successively colonizing and proliferating these islands since the Miocene period, 5 to 23 million years ago, and there are now more than 130 extant species of Blackburnia endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Taxonomy
editThe species of Blackburnia are divided into four subgenera. The species Blackburnia mandibularis, with its own subgenus, Protocaccus, is a sister taxon to the other groups. It lives and breeds along streams in riparian moss on the island of Kauai.
The next clade to diverge in the evolutionary tree is Colpocaccus, with four flight-capable species.
The subgenera Blackburnia and Metromenus are monophyletic sister taxa. The subgenus Blackburnia has about 57 species, based on a flight-capable ancestor. Its species are the most morphologically diversified of the four subgenera. The subgenus Metromenus contains about 71 flightless species.[2]
List of species
editThese 140 species belong to the genus Blackburnia:[1][2][3]
- Subgenus Protocaccus Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia mandibularis Liebherr, 2000
- Subgenus Colpocaccus Sharp, 1903
- Blackburnia hawaiiensis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia lanaiensis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia posticata (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia tantalus (Blackburn, 1877)
- Subgenus Blackburnia Sharp, 1878
- Blackburnia aaae (Liebherr & Samuelson, 1992)
- Blackburnia agilis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia agonoides (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia anomala (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia aterrima (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia atra Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia blaptoides (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia brevipes (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia bryophila Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia cephalotes (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia cheloniceps (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia constricta (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia corrusca (Erichson, 1834)
- Blackburnia costata (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia curtipes (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia debilis (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia depressa (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia derodera (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia elegans (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia erythropus (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia ewingi Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia fracta (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia frigida Blackburn, 1878
- Blackburnia hihia Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia incendiaria (Blackburn, 1879)
- Blackburnia insignis Sharp, 1903
- Blackburnia kamehameha Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia kipahulu Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia koebelei (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia kukui Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia lata Liebherr, 2003
- Blackburnia lenta (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia longipes (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia lucipetens (Blackburn, 1879)
- Blackburnia maculata (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia medeirosi Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia micans (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia micantipennis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia molokaiensis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia munroi (Perkins, 1936)
- Blackburnia mystica (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia octoocellata (Karsch, 1881)
- Blackburnia optata (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia perkinsi (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia pilikua Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia polhemusi Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia polipoli Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia pukalaina Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia puncticeps (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia riparia Liebherr & Short, 2006
- Blackburnia rupicola (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia sharpi (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia sulcipennis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia terebrata (Blackburn, 1881)
- Blackburnia tibialis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia viridis Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia waialeale Liebherr, 2000
- Subgenus Metromenus Sharp, 1884
- Blackburnia abax (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia abaxoides Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia alternans (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia ambiens (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia asquithi Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia auana Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia audax (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia barda (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia bartletti Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia calathiformis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia calathoides (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia caliginosa (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia concolor (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia cuneipennis (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia dyscolea (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia epicurus (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia erro (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia filipes (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia fordi Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia fossipennis (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia foveolata Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia fractistriata (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia fraterna (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia fraudator (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia fugitiva (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia fulgida Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia gastrellariformis Liebherr, 2001
- Blackburnia gracilis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia hakeakapa Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia haleakala Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia hilaris (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia howarthi (Liebherr & Samuelson, 1992)
- Blackburnia huhula Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia insociabilis (Blackburn, 1878)
- Blackburnia ipu Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia kahili Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia kauaiensis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia kauwa Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia kavanaughi Liebherr, 2006
- Blackburnia kilauea Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia komohana Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia kuiki Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia lanaihalensis Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia latifrons (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia lihau Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia limbata (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia longula (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia meticulosa (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia metromenoides (Perkins, 1917)
- Blackburnia microps (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia moerens (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia muscicola (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia mutabilis (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia oceanica (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia opaca (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia optimus (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia palmae (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia paloloensis Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia paludicola Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia pauma Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia pavida (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia perpolita (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia platynoides (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia platyophthalmica Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia proterva (Blackburn, 1877)
- Blackburnia putealis (Blackburn, 1881)
- Blackburnia sphodriformis (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia transiens (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia tricolor (Sharp, 1903)
- Blackburnia ulaula Liebherr, 2000
- Blackburnia vagans (Sharp, 1903)
- Extinct species
- †Blackburnia burneyi Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia cryptipes Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia godzilla Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia menehune Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia mothra Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia ovata Liebherr & Porch, 2015
- †Blackburnia rugosa Liebherr & Porch, 2015
References
edit- ^ a b c "Blackburnia Sharp, 1878". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- ^ a b c d Liebherr, James K. (2006). "Hawaiian Blackburnia beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Platynini): Patterns of specialization with implications for conservation". Mitt. Dt. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 15.
- ^ a b c Lorenz, Wolfgang (2021). "Carabcat Database". doi:10.48580/dfqf-3dk. Retrieved 2023-03-04.