Blom's scheme is a symmetric threshold key exchange protocol in cryptography. The scheme was proposed by the Swedish cryptographer Rolf Blom in a series of articles in the early 1980s.[1][2]

A trusted party gives each participant a secret key and a public identifier, which enables any two participants to independently create a shared key for communicating. However, if an attacker can compromise the keys of at least k users, they can break the scheme and reconstruct every shared key. Blom's scheme is a form of threshold secret sharing.

Blom's scheme is currently used by the HDCP (Version 1.x only) copy protection scheme to generate shared keys for high-definition content sources and receivers, such as HD DVD players and high-definition televisions.[3]

The protocol

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The key exchange protocol involves a trusted party (Trent) and a group of   users. Let Alice and Bob be two users of the group.

Protocol setup

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Trent chooses a random and secret symmetric matrix   over the finite field  , where p is a prime number.   is required when a new user is to be added to the key sharing group.

For example:

 

Inserting a new participant

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New users Alice and Bob want to join the key exchanging group. Trent chooses public identifiers for each of them; i.e., k-element vectors:

 .

For example:

 

Trent then computes their private keys:

 

Using   as described above:

 

Each will use their private key to compute shared keys with other participants of the group.

Computing a shared key between Alice and Bob

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Now Alice and Bob wish to communicate with one another. Alice has Bob's identifier   and her private key  .

She computes the shared key  , where   denotes matrix transpose. Bob does the same, using his private key and her identifier, giving the same result:

 

They will each generate their shared key as follows:

 

Attack resistance

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In order to ensure at least k keys must be compromised before every shared key can be computed by an attacker, identifiers must be k-linearly independent: all sets of k randomly selected user identifiers must be linearly independent. Otherwise, a group of malicious users can compute the key of any other member whose identifier is linearly dependent to theirs. To ensure this property, the identifiers shall be preferably chosen from a MDS-Code matrix (maximum distance separable error correction code matrix). The rows of the MDS-Matrix would be the identifiers of the users. A MDS-Code matrix can be chosen in practice using the code-matrix of the Reed–Solomon error correction code (this error correction code requires only easily understandable mathematics and can be computed extremely quickly).[4]

References

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  1. ^ Blom, Rolf. Non-public key distribution. In Proc. CRYPTO 82, pages 231–236, New York, 1983. Plenum Press
  2. ^ Blom, Rolf. "An optimal class of symmetric key generation systems", Report LiTH-ISY-I-0641, Linköping University, 1984 [1]
  3. ^ Crosby, Scott; Goldberg, Ian; Johnson, Robert; Song, Dawn; Wagner, David (2002). "A Cryptanalysis of the High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection System". Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2320. pp. 192–200. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.9307. doi:10.1007/3-540-47870-1_12. ISBN 978-3-540-43677-5. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Menezes, A.; Paul C. van Oorschot & Scott A. Vanstone (1996). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-8523-0.