Blood hammer

The blood hammer phenomenon is a sudden increase of the upstream blood pressure in a blood vessel (especially artery or arteriole) when the bloodstream is abruptly blocked by vessel obstruction. The term "blood-hammer" was introduced in cerebral hemodynamics^[1]^[2] by analogy with the hydraulic expression "water hammer", already used in vascular physiology to designate an arterial pulse variety, the "water-hammer pulse". Complete understanding of the relationship between mechanical parameters in vascular occlusions is a critical issue, which can play an important role in the future diagnosis, understanding and treatment of vascular diseases.

If the time of shock wave propagation caused by the blood encountering an obstacle is equal to or less than the semilunar valve closure time, this can create a partial blood hammer phenomenon where flow speed oscillation increases without an accompanying abnormal pressure increase, whereas patients without a prolonged aortic valve closure time have the kinetic energy associated with turning around after an obstruction into a pressure peak, with little energy dedicated to increasing flow speed oscillations in a complete blood hammer effect. Flow leakage is also possible in an incomplete blood hammer, which is not seen in the complete blood hammer effect.^[3]

References

^ Damsa T.; et al. (1976). ""Blood-hammer" phenomenon in cerebral hemodynamics". Mathematical Biosciences. 29 (3–4): 193–202. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(76)90102-4.
^ Tazraei, P. (2015). "The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on blood-hammer through the posterior cerebral artery". Mathematical Biosciences. 264: 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2015.03.013. PMID 25865933.
^ Chuiko, G. P.; Dvornik, O. V.; Shyian, S. I.; Baganov, Ye. A. (2018-09-01). "Blood hammer phenomenon in human aorta: Theory and modeling". Mathematical Biosciences. 303: 148–154. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2018.06.009. ISSN 0025-5564. PMID 30036543. S2CID 51713106.

Shrivastava, G. S. (2004). "Fluid Mechanics and the Undergraduate Civil Engineer". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 130 (10): 953–956. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:10(953).

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[1] Damsa T.; et al. (1976). ""Blood-hammer" phenomenon in cerebral hemodynamics". Mathematical Biosciences. 29 (3–4): 193–202. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(76)90102-4.

[2] Tazraei, P. (2015). "The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on blood-hammer through the posterior cerebral artery". Mathematical Biosciences. 264: 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2015.03.013. PMID 25865933.

[3] Chuiko, G. P.; Dvornik, O. V.; Shyian, S. I.; Baganov, Ye. A. (2018-09-01). "Blood hammer phenomenon in human aorta: Theory and modeling". Mathematical Biosciences. 303: 148–154. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2018.06.009. ISSN 0025-5564. PMID 30036543. S2CID 51713106.

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