Bogd Khan[a][b] (c. 1869 – 20 May 1924) was the khan of the Bogd Khaganate from 1911 to 1924, following the state's de facto independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution. Born in Tibet, he was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy as the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, and therefore also known as the "Bogdo Lama". He was the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism in the Bogd Khaganate. His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam, the Ekh Dagina ('Dakini Mother'), was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara.
| Bogd Khan Богд Хан ᠪᠣᠭᠳ᠋ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Khagan of Mongolia | |
| Reign | 29 December 1911 – 20 May 1924 |
| Predecessor | |
| Successor | |
| 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu | |
| Reign | 1870–1924 |
| Predecessor | Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts |
| Successor | Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan |
| Born | Agwaanl Uwsanchoizhiniam Danzan Wanchüg c. 1869 Lhasa, Qing China |
| Died | 20 May 1924 (aged 54–55) Niyslel Khüree, Bogd Khanate of Mongolia |
| Spouse |
|
| Issue | Luvsanjambyn Mördorj (adopted) |
Life
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The future Bogd Khan was born in 1869 in the area of Lhasa, in a family of a Tibetan official.[1] He was born as Agvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzan Vanchüg. His father, Gonchigtseren, was an accountant at the 12th Dalai Lama's court.[2] The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of the Bogd Gegen in Potala in the presence of the 13th Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.[3] The new Bogd Gegen arrived in Urga, the capital of Outer Mongolia, in 1874. After this he lived only in Mongolia.[4]
As a result, from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga. Later he became the subject of propaganda campaigns organised by Mongolian Communists, which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner, a paedophile, and a libertine, which was later repeated in belles-lettres and other non-scientific literature (e.g. James Palmer). However, analysis of documents stored in Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements.[5][6]
As a monk, the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power, though some enemies were executed for blasphemy. The Polish traveller Ferdinand Ossendowski recorded that he knew "every thought, every movement of the Princes and Khans, the slightest conspiracy against him, and the offender is usually kindly invited to Urga, from where he does not return alive.[7] Ossendowski's claims for his acquaintance with the Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts.[8]
By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence. The Khutukhtu consented. To avoid suspicion, he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival, at which time the assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion taxes among the khoshuuns. The meeting occurred on July 10 and the Mongolians discussed independence. The assembly became deadlocked, some arguing for complete, others for partial, resistance. Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands. Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga, they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence. They then persuaded the Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble, an ecclesiastic, and a lay official —to Russia for assistance. The particular composition of the delegation—a noble, a cleric, and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus.
On December 1, the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing the establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. On December 29, the Khutuktu was formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state.
The Bogd Gegen lost his power when Chinese governance was restored in 1919. The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern-Sternberg.[9] When Baron Ungern's forces failed to seize Urga in his 1920 invasion, the Bogd was placed under house arrest; then he became a puppet of Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921.[10] After the revolution in 1921 led by Damdin Sükhbaatar, the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924,[11][12] a year after that of his wife.
After his death
editThe government took control of the Bogd Khan's seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924 Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic.[13]
It was proposed that Zhang Zuolin's domain (the Chinese "Three Eastern Provinces") take Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Northern Mongolia.[9]
After his death, the Mongolian Revolutionary government, led by followers of the Soviet Communists, declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established the Mongolian People's Republic. However, rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in Mongolia in that same year.[14] No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted. Another rumor appeared in 1925. In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian People's Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed.[6] A final prohibition was approved by the 7th Congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and the 5th People's Great Khural in 1928.[15]
Nevertheless, the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa. This was not announced until the collapse of the USSR and democratic revolution in Mongolia. The 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was formally enthroned in Dharamsala by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama in 1991, and in Ulaanbaatar in 1999.[citation needed]
The Green Palace, Yellow Palace, Brown Palace and White Palace were the four main residences in Urga, the capital. The Green Palace has been preserved and is a tourist attraction in Ulaanbaatar.
See also
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Notes
edit- ^ Mongolian: Богд хаан, romanized: Bogd haan, ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ, pronounced [ˈpɔqə̆t ˈχaːɴ]; Chinese: 博克多汗
- ^ Fully known as Богд Живзундамба Агваанлувсанчойжинямданзанванчүг, Bogd Zhiwzundamba Agwaanluwsanchoizhiniamdanzanwanchüg, Mongolian pronunciation: [ˈpɔqə̆t ˈt͡ɕiw̹t͡soɴtəmpə aɢˌw̹aːɴɮow̹səɴˈt͡ɕʰœɛ̯t͡ɕiɲʲæmtəɴt͡səɴw̹əɴt͡ɕʰuk]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Soninbayar, Sh. and Punsaldulam, B. (composers) 2009. Mongolyn Tusgaar Togtnol Oyuun Sanaany Ikh Unirdagch VIII Bogd Jevzundamba Khutagt. Ulaanbaatar, p. 12.
- ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 364. ISBN 9780810861916.
- ^ Knyazev, N.N. "The Legendary Baron". In: Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004, ISBN 5-87317-175-0 p. 67
- ^ Tornovsky, M.G. "Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920–1921". In: Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004, ISBN 5-87317-175-0 p. 181
- ^ Batsaikhan, O. Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the last King of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Publ., 2008, ISBN 978-99929-0-464-0.
- ^ a b Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J. The Great Khan of Mongolia, the 8th Bogd Gegeen. Aziya i Afrika Segodnya (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2009, no. 1, pp. 59–64.
- ^ Ferdinand Ossedowski, Beasts, Men and Gods (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1922), 293.
- ^ Kuzmin, S.L., Rejt, L.J. Notes by F.A. Ossendowski as a source on the history of Mongolia. – Oriens (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2008, no. 5, pp. 97–110.
- ^ a b Owen Lattimore; Sh Nachukdorji (1955). Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia. Brill Archive. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.
- ^ Kuzmin, S.L. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press., ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2 pp. 325–357
- ^ Mark Juergensmeyer (2008). Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda. University of California Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-520-93476-4.
bogda khan.
- ^ Mark Juergensmeyer (1993). The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. University of California Press. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-520-91501-5.
- ^ A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). Independence documents of the world. 2. Brill Archive. pp. 482–. ISBN 0-379-00795-9.
- ^ Bawden C.R. The Modern History of Mongolia, 1968, Praeger publishers, New York, pp. 261–263
- ^ Purevjav, S. and Dashjamts, D. BNMAU-d Sum, Khiid, Lam Naryn Asuudlyg Shiidverlesen Ni. Ulaanbaatar: Ulsyn Khevleliin Khereg Erkhlekh Khoroo Publ.
Sources
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- Palmer, James (2009). The Bloody White Baron. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01448-4.