Boletinellus monticola, previously known as Gyrodon monticola, is a bolete fungus in the Boletinellaceae family with a pored hymenium rather than gills.[1] This species can be identified by its common ectomycorrhizal association and therefore close proximity to Alder trees (Alnus acuminata). B. monticola is most commonly found near the equator, specifically in Southern Mexico and stretching into northern South America.
| Boletinellus monticola | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletinellaceae |
| Genus: | Boletinellus |
| Species: | B. monticola
|
| Binomial name | |
| Boletinellus monticola (Singer) Watling
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Gyrodon monticola | |
Boletinellus monticola | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is flat |
 | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is yellow |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Taxonomy
editOriginally, B. monticola was associated with the Gryodon genus by Rolf Singer in 1957.[2] However, it was reassigned to the Boletinellus genus due to its closer genetic relation.[3] This reassignment was reinforced by R. Watling in 1997 who analyzed the description of Rolf Singer's observations in Argentina and concluded it to be related closer to the Boletinellus genus. This change in taxonomy also included the change of Gyrodon exiguus and Gyrodon rompelii to the Boletinellus genus as well.[4]
Description
editBoletinellus monticola has a yellow-brown cap with a yellow or orange fertile layer. The stalk extends a few centimeters from the ground and is commonly brown. The fertile layer is made up of large and yellow pores and tubes. B. monticola is also known to produce brown sclerotia in soil providing the ability for the fungus to survive under extreme environmental conditions. The flesh of the bolete is soft and often moist or even wet due to its favored climate of warm tropical areas. This species also produces highly differentiated rhizomorphs with brown dolipore hyphae.[5] B. monticola bruises blue then fades to reddish brown then to dark brown.[6]
Edibility
editBoletinellus monticola is considered to be likely edible, however there is no record of it being eaten. Boletes are known to be edible and are reasonably safe for human consumption.[7] Some closely related species such as B. merulioides have been known to taste “acidic and unpleasant”,[8] while offering very little nutritional value.[9]
Habitat and distribution
editThis species is a terrestrial fungi which grows in top-soil. B. monticola is grown in warm tropical climates and in high elevations ranging from 1000 m - 3,800 m above sea level.[10] Due to its ectomycorrhizal association with Alder trees (Alnus acuminata) the fungus is restricted to the range of where these trees grow. Since most Alder trees grow north of the equator and B. monticola is only found in warm tropical climates, the fungus is generally rare due to this small geographical region. More specifically, Alnus acuminata is found in the highlands of Mexico to the Andes mountains.[11] In North America, the fungus can be found in Southern Mexico.[12] Stretching into South America, B. monticola has been found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.[13]
Ectomycorrhizae
editMost of the species in the Boletinellus genus are ectomycorrhizal and B. monticola is no exception. This species is known to have an ectomycorrhizal relationship with Alder trees (Alnus acuminata). According to a study by Pablo Alvarado in 2021 this relationship could have evolved independently from a common ancestor of the Paxillaceae family nearly 98 million years ago.[14] Using sulpho-vanillin the root and Hartig net stain reddish, bleach with NH4OH and lactic acid, while no reaction occurs when exposed to 15% KOH, Melzer's reagent and 70% ethanol.[5] As a result of ITS PCR/RFLP analysis, B. monticola is identified molecularly and morphologically as a symbiont of A. acuminata in native Argentinean forests.[5]
Genome
editUsing Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), Alejandra Becerra et al. in 2003 identified 895 base pairs in the genome. The genome of B. monticola is what allowed for the reassignment of the species from genus Gyrodon to Boletinellus.[5] The work done by the University of California at Berkeley using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) found the sequences of primers and other codons for specific genes didn't align with other species in the Gyrodon genus. This study found the first atp6 (mitochondrial locus) and cox3 sequences in the order Boletales allowing for the comparison of certain genes changing the distribution of various families under the order.[3] Despite the family Boletinellaceae is in the order Boletales, evidence suggests that the family is more closely related to the order Sclerodermataceae, however there appears to be some species exceptions.[15]
References
edit- ^ "Index Fungorum - Names Record". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ "Taxonomy browser (Gyrodon monticola)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ a b Kretzer, Annette M.; Bruns, Thomas D. (December 1999). "Use of atp6 in Fungal Phylogenetics: An Example from the Boletales". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 13 (3): 483–492. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0680.
- ^ Watling, R.; De Meijer, A. R. (2010-04-26). "Macromycetes from the state of Paraná, Brazil: 5. Poroid and lamellate boletes". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 54 (2): 231–251. doi:10.1017/S0960428600004042. ISSN 1474-0036.
- ^ a b c d Becerra, Alejandra; Nouhra, Eduardo; Daniele, Graciela; Domínguez, Laura; McKay, Donaraye (January 2005). "Ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius helodes and Gyrodon monticola with Alnus acuminata from Argentina". Mycorrhiza. 15 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1007/s00572-003-0278-x. hdl:11336/32837. ISSN 0940-6360. PMID 14648309. S2CID 27492568.
- ^ Newman, Danny (April 14, 2012). "Mushroom Observer: Observation 274961: Gyrodon Monticola Singer (Site ID) (Boletinellus Monticola)".
- ^ "Boletales: Boletus, Suillus etc fungi picture gallery". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ Miller, Orson K. (2006). North American mushrooms : a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Hope Miller (1st ed.). Guilford, Conn.: Falcon Guide. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. OCLC 62282438.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and other fungi of North America. Nicky Foy, Geoffrey Kibby, Richard L. Homola. Richmond Hill, Ont.: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. OCLC 614856084.
- ^ "Alnus acuminata (Andean alder)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.4560. ISSN 2958-3969. S2CID 253617804.
- ^ Dawson, Jeffrey O. (1990), "Interactions among Actinorhizal and Associated Plant Species", The Biology of Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants, Elsevier, pp. 299–316, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-633210-0.50020-4, ISBN 9780126332100, retrieved 2023-05-05
- ^ Hayward, David; Thiers, Harry D. (May 1984). "Gyrodon Lividus in California". Mycologia. 76 (3): 573–575. doi:10.1080/00275514.1984.12023884. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ "MyCoPortal Collection Search Parameters". www.mycoportal.org. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ Alvarado, Pablo; Cabero, J.; Moreno-Mateos, D.; Vizzini, A.; Alonso, J.; Lebeuf, R.; Siquier, J. L.; Vidal, Josep Maria (2021-07-04). "Phylogenetic relationships among false truffle genera of Paxillaceae— Alpova, Melanogaster, Neoalpova , and Paralpova , gen. nov". Mycologia. 113 (4): 828–841. doi:10.1080/00275514.2021.1911552. ISSN 0027-5514. S2CID 235403139.
- ^ Binder, Manfred; Bresinsky, Andreas (January 2002). "Derivation of a Polymorphic Lineage of Gasteromycetes from Boletoid Ancestors". Mycologia. 94 (1): 85. doi:10.2307/3761848. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3761848. PMID 21156480.