Bolma henica, common names abyssal dolma and deep sea star shell,[2] is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.[1][3][4][5][6]
| Bolma henica | |
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| Apertural view of a shell of Bolma henica | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Turbinidae |
| Genus: | Bolma |
| Species: | B. henica
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| Binomial name | |
| Bolma henica (Watson, 1885)
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| Subspecies | |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Subspecies
editThree subspecies are recognized:[1]
- Bolma henica henica (R. B. Watson, 1879)
- Bolma henica abyssorum (Schepman, 1908)
- Bolma henica madagascarensis Nolf & Verstraeten, 2006
Description
editThe size of the shell varies between 20 mm and 37 mm. The shell conical has a conical shape and is elevated with 7–8 whorls. Its color pattern is light yellowish ruddy, paler below. The apex is round. The first whorl is flattened. The upper three whorls are radiately ribbed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth upon the slope of the whorl. The periphery is sharply bicarinate, with the upper carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in number on body whorl. The lower carina contains thirty to thirty-five vaulted scales, becoming spines toward the aperture. Between the carinae there are four rows of beads. The base of the shell is flat, with about ten concentric rows of very regular beads. The aperture is oblique, white within. The white columella is bluntly toothed below. The white umbilical tract is polished and slightly ridged. The operculum is oval, within flat, brown. Its outside is thick, white, granulose with a slight flange on the outer margin.[7]
Distribution
editThis marine species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific[2] in South Africa (Agulhas Bank),[1] Fiji, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, Japan,[5] the Philippines,[4] and the east coast of Australia (New South Wales, Queensland).[3][5] It has been recorded at depths between 11 and 597 m (36 and 1,959 ft), but mostly at a depth of a few hundred meters.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2024). "Bolma henica (Watson, 1885)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Bolma (Bolma) henica". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Bolma henica (Watson, 1879)". Atlas of Living Australia. CSIRO and NCRIS. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ a b Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2023). "Bolma henica" in SeaLifeBase. November 2023 version.
- ^ a b c d Beu, A. G.; Ponder, Winston F. (1979). "A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 32 (1): 1–68. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.32.1979.201.
- ^ Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.
- ^ G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (described as Astralium henicus)
- Watson, R.B. 1879. Mollusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition. Part IV. Trochidae (continued), viz. the Genera Basilisso and Trochus, and the Turbinidae, viz. the Genus Turbo. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 14: 692-716
- Schepman, M.M. 1908. Prosobranchia (excluding Heteropoda and parasitic Prosobranchia). Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa. With an appendix by Prof. R. Bergh [Pectinobranchiata]. Siboga-Expéditie Report 49(1): 1–108, 9 pls
- Kira, T. 1955. Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan. Osaka, Japan : Hoikusha 204 pp.
- Wilson, B. 1993. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp.
