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Dina Boluarte

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Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra[b] (Latin American Spanish: [ˈdina eɾˈsilja βoˈlwaɾte seˈɣara] listenⓘ; born 31 May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer since 2022 serving as the 64th president of Peru. She had served as the first vice president and minister at the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion under President Pedro Castillo. She served as an officer at the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC) from 2007 until 2022.[1][2]

Excelentísima Señora
Dina Boluarte
Boluarte in 2024
64th President of Peru
Incumbent
Assumed office
7 December 2022
Prime MinisterPedro Angulo Arana
Alberto Otárola
Gustavo Adrianzén
Vice PresidentFirst Vice President
Vacant
Second Vice President
Vacant
Preceded byPedro Castillo
First Vice President of Peru
In office
28 July 2021 – 7 December 2022
PresidentPedro Castillo
Preceded byMartín Vizcarra (2018)[a]
Succeeded byVacant
Minister of Development and Social Inclusion
In office
29 July 2021 – 26 November 2022
PresidentPedro Castillo
Preceded bySilvana Vargas [es]
Succeeded byCinthya Lindo Espinoza [es]
Personal details
Born
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra

(1962-05-31) 31 May 1962 (age 62)
Chalhuanca, Peru
Political party
Spouse
David Gómez Villasante
​
​
(m. 1992)​
Children2
EducationUniversity of San Martín de Porres (LLB)
Signature

Boluarte is the first woman to become President of Peru. She was a member of Marxist political party Free Peru,[3] and was sworn in following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress and subsequent impeachment and arrest. Boluarte's presidency has generally been described as conservative.[4][5] Boluarte has aligned herself with the right-wing of the Peruvian Congress and received support from Peruvian Armed Forces. Boluarte's use of military and the police against protestors has been controversial, some even accusing her government of being a dictatorship.[6][7][8][9] During her first months as president, protests against her government emerged across Peru, during which authorities perpetrated the Ayacucho massacre and Juliaca massacre. Analysts said that Boluarte's crackdown on protestors has undermined democracy.[10][11] Despite significant international concerns, Boluarte has praised the actions of the armed forces.[12]

On 10 January 2023, attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced she was opening an investigation to determine if Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas, and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez committed genocide and aggravated homicide.[13] Some Latin American governments, including Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize Pedro Castillo as the democratically elected President of Peru and have refused to recognize Boluarte.[14][15][16][needs update]

Early life and education

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Boluarte was born in Chalhuanca, Apurímac on 31 May 1962.[17] She graduated as a lawyer from the University of San Martín de Porres and did postgraduate studies at that university.[18][19]

Early career

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In 2004, she co-authored a book, The Recognition of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, which was later investigated for plagiarism after 55% of the text included was marked as plagiarized from a 2002 post on the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico's website according to Turnitin software.[20]

She has worked at National Registry of Identification and Civil Status as an attorney and officer since 2007.[21] She ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Lima's Surquillo district in 2018, representing the Free Peru party.[22][23] She also participated in the extraordinary parliamentary elections in 2020 for Free Peru, though she did not obtain a congressional seat.[22][23]

Vice presidency (2021–2022)

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Election

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Main article: 2021 Peruvian general election

In the 2021 presidential election she was part of the presidential ticket of Pedro Castillo,[24] which was victorious in the run-off.[25][26]

During the campaign, Boluarte was widely viewed to position herself more moderately than Castillo, saying that she would not support overriding the Constitutional Court of Peru, but still stated "the wealthy middle class of Lima will surely cease to be a wealthy middle class."[27] Boluarte also said that if Castillo were to be removed from office, she would resign in support of him.[28] While campaigning in Piura, Diario Correo reported on counter-terrorism police documents that alleged Boluarte was seen working beside members of MOVADEF, an alleged arm of Shining Path.[17]

Conflicts with Free Peru

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On 29 July 2021, she was appointed minister of Development and Social Inclusion in the government of Pedro Castillo.[29]

 
Boluarte with Castillo at Palacio de Gobierno in 2022

On 23 January 2022, during an interview with La República, Boluarte stated that she never embraced the ideology of Free Peru. The party's general secretary, Vladimir Cerrón, subsequently expelled Boluarte from Free Peru and posted on Twitter, "Always loyal, traitors never." Cerrón also claimed that Boluarte's comment threatened party unity.[30] Party members later requested her expulsion, stating Boluarte "does nothing more than create division and discredit the image" of Cerrón.[31]

On 25 November 2022, she resigned from her position as the minister of Development and Social Inclusion, but remained as first vice president.[32]

On 5 December 2022, after voting 13 in favor and 8 against, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club named the Apurímac Club (Spanish: Club Departamental de Apurímac) while she was minister of Development.[33][34]

Presidency (since 2022)

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Main article: Presidency of Dina Boluarte

Inauguration

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On 7 December 2022, during the Peruvian political crisis, after Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Congress of the Republic of Peru during impeachment proceedings against him, Boluarte condemned the move as a "breakdown of the constitutional order" and assumed the presidency after the impeachment of Castillo.[35] Boluarte thus became Peru's first female president.[36]

Boluarte's presidency is the most recent instance in Peruvian history where the first vice president succeeded a president who could no longer serve, after First Vice President Martín Vizcarra became president upon the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2018. Peru has had seven presidents from 2015 to 2022.[37]

In her first speech to the Congress, she denounced President Castillo and declared her will to form a national unity government to resolve the present political crisis.[38] In the formation of her government, she consulted all the major parties, but selected no members of Congress. Instead she formed what was widely viewed as a technocratic government led by Pedro Angulo Arana, an attorney who faced 13 criminal investigations as of his appointment in December 2022, including abuse of authority, abuse of public administration, abuse of public faith, blackmail, extortion and others.[39][40]

Observers commented that with growing protests and an undefined support base, Boluarte's government will likely not be given the space, either by Congress or the people, to succeed.[41]

Recognition

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Nations recognizing presidential governments
  Pedro Castillo
  Dina Boluarte

International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed.

Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order."[42]

Latin American governments, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize Pedro Castillo as the democratically elected President of Peru following the events in December 2022 and refused to recognize Boluarte.[14][43][15] Left-wing Latin American leaders such as Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a right wing coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception."[16][44][needs update]

Protests

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Main article: Peruvian protests (2022–2023)
 
IACHR representatives meeting with President Boluarte during the 2022 Peruvian political protests

According to CNN, the Boluarte government "has responded to protesters with both stick and carrot; President Boluarte has offered the possibility of holding early elections, while her Defense Minister Luis Alberto Otárola ... declared a state of emergency and deployed troops to the street."[45] The New York Times would describe Boluarte's response as "hawkish".[4] On 12 December, following protests that broke out after the removal of Pedro Castillo, President Boluarte announced that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from April 2024 to April 2026.[46] On 14 December, Alberto Otárola, Boluarte's defense minister, declared a state of emergency for 30 days to quell "acts of violence and vandalism."[47]

Responding to protests, Boluarte said she does not understand why anyone would protest against her and supported the repressive response of authorities.[48] Boluarte's response has been widely condemned by NGOs, while being supported by more right-leaning parties in Congress.[48] Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru."[49] Protests have for the most part, been the most fierce and disruptive in Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support. Given the harshness of the Boluarte government's response, this has led some to draw comparison between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru, which drew comparisons between indigenous groups and the Shining Path, as to persecute them.[47][50] Boluarte would also state that the demonstrations occurred due to blackmail and provocations by Bolivian officials,[51][52][4] something the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said they did not observe[52] while The New York Times said that "The government has yet to provide clear evidence to back up ... claims of high-level coordination by a terrorist organization or illicit funding behind the violent attacks."[4]

"We don't have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them"

— Dina Boluarte[12]

The government appointed ex-colonel Juan Carlos Liendo to head the National Intelligence Service, who claimed that the demonstrations in the country were not social in nature but part of a "terrorist insurrection. This appointment comes as a surprise, since Juan Carlos Liendo is close to right-wing political groups and claimed that the government of Pedro Castillo, to which Dina Boluarte belonged, was an "extension of the terrorist group Shining Path.[53]

In a joint statement in January 2023, over 2,000 academics and researchers expressed their "strongest rejection of the authoritarian course that the government of Dina Boluarte and Alberto Otárola" and believed "that these are not isolated events but a pattern of conduct that places us in a dangerous transition to authoritarianism", concluding that "If President Boluarte is only able to offer the country confrontation and violence, she should resign".[54][55] Notable signers included Steven Levitsky, Lucía Dammert, Martín Tanaka, Daniel Alarcón, Josep Joan Moreso, Gerardo L. Munck, Mirtha Vásquez, Sara Beatriz Guardia and Carmen Mc Evoy.[54][55]

Amnesty International would report in May 2023 that Boluarte "consistently supported and justified the actions of law enforcement agencies, despite increasingly clear evidence of their unlawful actions" and that her government "stigmatized protesters as terrorists and violent, contributing to the escalation of violence and encouraging law enforcement to continue to act in the same way".[12] Boluarte would respond to criticism saying that she did not have control of the Peruvian Armed Forces.[12]

Since at least December 2022,[56] opposition protesters often chant the slogan «Dina asesina» (‘Dina the murderer’)[56][57][58][59][60] and even sing a song of the same name.[61][62][63] Moreover, social and political opponents have nicknamed her «Dina Balearte» (blending of her name and balearte ‘to shoot you’) as a reference to aforementioned deaths.[64][63][65][66]

Ayacucho massacre and cabinet reorganization

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Main article: Ayacucho massacre

On 15 December 2022, the Peruvian Army massacred[67] protesters in Ayacucho demonstrating against the Boluarte government. During the protests, the situation intensified when the military deployed helicopters to fire at protesters, who later tried to take over the city's airport, which was defended by the Peruvian Army and the National Police of Peru.[68][69] Troops responded by firing live ammunition at protesters, resulting in ten dead and 61 injured;[70][71][56] 90% of the injured had gunshot wounds while those killed were shot in the head or torso.[72][73] The founder of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), forensic anthropologist Carmen Rosa Cardoza, analysed evidence surrounding those who were killed, saying that the military was shooting to kill and that the gunshot wounds in the head and torso were consistent with wounds suffered during human rights violations, explaining that wounds during an armed conflict are usually found on the extremities.[74] Gloria Cano, attorney for the Association for Human Rights (Aprodeh) who analyzed human rights abuses during the internal conflict in Peru, said officers likely ordered troops to simply "eliminate the enemy" and did not specify actions to take against protesters, with the attorney stating officers "had to explain to them that in case of need they had to shoot into the air, to the ground. If they take them out without giving them specific orders, they will do what they learn, which is to shoot the vital segments of the human body".[74]

 
Boluarte with Alberto Otárola as Defense Minister on 15 December

Sources close to Boluarte, according to La Republica, reported that she wanted to resign from the presidency following the massacre, though defense minister Alberto Otárola convinced her that if she were to resign, her and other ministers would lose their immunity and possibly be prosecuted for crimes.[75][28] Otárola then promised to Boluarte that he could build support for her from the Peruvian Armed Forces and right-wing groups according to La Republica.[75] Boluarte would then make Otárola her prime minister on 21 December 2022.[76] In addition to the prime minister, she named a new interior minister, defense minister and education minister.[76] Boluarte's new Minister of Education, Óscar Becerra, was reported to have a history of being a Fujimorist and making homophobic comments.[77]

Juliaca massacre

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Main article: Juliaca massacre

At least 18 people were killed and over 100 injured by police responding to protests in Juliaca,[78][79][80][81] with all of the deaths being attributed to gunshot wounds.[82] While discussing the violence, Boluarte said that Bolivia was responsible, stating "Today we know that a type of firearms and ammunition would have entered the country through southern Peru" and that protesters were not shot by authorities, saying the ammunition found in victims was used "neither by the National Police nor by the Armed Forces".[83][52] According to La República, videos and photographic evidence showed that the PNP used long rifles to fire at demonstrators and individuals nearby.[84] Dany Humpire Molina, former manager of Expertise at the Public Prosecutor's Office and a doctor in forensic science, stated "The projectiles seem to have been fired by AKM rifles, which is weapons used by the National Police, ... If the bullets were found inside the body, they are described as penetrating. When the shots are of a penetrating type, as is the case, they are long-distance. And if the necropsy protocol determines that they went from behind, it means that, at the time of the shooting, the demonstrators were running, fleeing".[84] Edgar Stuardo Ralón Orellana of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, stated "we do not find in people something that said that they are responding to some kind of another organization, but an authentic manifestation of a discontent with the abandonment that that region (Puno) has historically had".[52] The former head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI), General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, also criticized the Boluarte's response, stating that accusations of foreign involvement were "a distraction to confuse the population, noting that it has an external component. Everything we are experiencing is internal" and that the accusation of "a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid".[85]

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On 10 January 2023, Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide and serious injuries against Boluarte, along with Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.[13] Groups in Congress opposed to Boluarte then opened an impeachment motion against her on 25 January 2023, citing moral incapacity.[86]

Vacancy motions

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In April 2023, Boluarte faced a vacancy motion due to her response to the protests against her, though Congress voted against proceedings against her. A second motion for vacancy was opened in October 2023 due to some left-wing benches in Congress believing that Boluarte violated Article 115 of the constitution for leading Peru without congressional approval, especially since she did not have a vice president, though right-wing members of Congress refused to vote for the proceedings.[87] On 1 April 2024, a third motion for vacancy was opened by lawmakers from various parties, citing tax investigations against Boluarte and her failure to solve other issues such as crime.[88] Another vacancy motion was filed on 17 May citing “moral incapacity” in the wake of investigations into her ownership of luxury watches and the arrest of her brother on suspicion of influence-peddling, in addition to the dissolution of a police anti-corruption unit.[89]

Rolexgate

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Boluarte in October 2023

In March 2024, the Public Ministry of Peru began investigating Boluarte for graft and illicit enrichment after she was seen wearing luxury Rolex watches at public events, with the controversy being dubbed "Rolexgate."[90][91][92][93][94] Boluarte's use of Rolex watches was first reported by news website La Encerrona on 14 March 2024; the website reviewed about 10,000 images and detailed how her watches became increasingly luxurious as her time in public office progressed.[95][96] Reviewing La Encerrona's work, the Associated Press noted that one of the Rolex watches Boluarte used was three times her monthly salary.[97] When asked about her watches at a press conference on 15 March, Boluarte said "what I have is the result of my effort and my work." While Boluarte said that the Rolex watch was a dated model, La República contacted an American watch store that said the model was possibly from 2023 and valued it at US$19,535, with the newspaper saying that Boluarte's response was "an alleged contradiction".[98] Days later, Henry Shimabukuro, a businessman who assisted with Boluarte's political campaign, said that assistants for Boluarte suggested gifts of jewelry when meeting with her.[99]

A preliminary investigation was opened by the Public Ministry on 18 March 2024 to investigate Boluarte on allegations of illicit enrichment.[100] The Financial Intelligence Unit of the Superintendency of Banks and Insurance Companies (SBS) said that Boluarte received 1.1 million Peruvian soles (US$330,000) from unidentified accounts between 2016 and 2022, according to a report by El Comercio on 25 March.[101] On 29 March, La Republica identified a Cartier bracelet used by Boluarte that was 18 carat gold, covered with 204 diamonds and had an estimated value of more than US$54,000.[102]

On 30 March 2024, about 20 police and 20 public ministry officials raided Boluarte's home in Surquillo, breaking down her door with a sledgehammer while saying their involvement was "for the purpose of search and seizure."[103][104] After searching her home, the authorities then entered the Government Palace for further investigations; Boluarte was present. Boluarte's prime minister, Gustavo Adrianzén, condemned the actions of authorities, stating "The political noise that is being made is serious, affecting investments and the entire country... What has happened in the last few hours is disproportionate and unconstitutional actions."[90][104] Six ministers of her new cabinet resigned following the incident.[105]

Political ideology

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During the 2021 Peruvian general election, she was part of Free Peru, a left-leaning and socialist-influenced party; after she was expelled from the party in 2022, she adopted more right-wing views and appointed conservative figures in her cabinet.[106] Analysts described Boluarte's government as authoritarian,[10] saying that she had allied with right wing and far-right groups in Congress following her ascension to the presidency.[107][108][109][110][111]

According to La República, analysts reported that Boluarte's political inexperience has resulted with her shifting from a left-wing ideology in support of rural constituents towards a right-wing ideology that repressed previous supporters.[28] Americas Quarterly notes that after Boluarte was expelled from the Peru Libre party, she aligned with the right-wing Congress for political support instead of the constituents that elected her, creating a feeling of betrayal for rural and indigenous voters.[112] According to political scientist David Sulmont, Boluarte sought to be expelled from the party because she predicted Castillo would be removed from office and that she could assume the presidency.[28]

Political scientist Daniel Encinas described Boluarte as an "opportunist", noting that though she was elected vice president under a left-wing government, she aligned with right-wing figures in Congress following her accession to the presidency.[6] Sociologist Carlos Reyna, discussing Boluarte's response to protests, stated "A person who manages, covers up and supports the armed and police forces to shoot the bodies of unarmed civilians cannot say that he belongs to a moderate variant, ... Boluarte looks like ... the worst versions of the extreme right".[48] Sulmont would say that Boluarte became a figurehead for Congress, serving the legislative body as a "shield between the population and the right-wing Congress" due to her sacrificing her political legitimacy by resorting to repression.[28]

In April 2023, Boluarte declared a state of emergency in all border areas with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Chile to increase "control of foreign citizens", blaming Venezuelan migrants for the crime in the country.[113]

Public opinion

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In January 2023, the first public opinion poll for Boluarte was collected by the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP).[114] In the poll, 71% of respondents disapproved of Boluarte and 19% approved of her, while 80% of respondents disagree with Boluarte assuming the presidency.[114] A Datum poll in mid-2023 showed a disapproval rate of 77% among respondents, though an Ipsos Perú poll showed that 71% of Peruvian CEOs approved of Boluarte and 88% approved of her maintaining the presidency until 2026.[115]

A poll conducted by the IEP in October 2023 saw 84% of respondents say that they disapproved of the way Boluarte was leading the country, with only 10% of respondents approving of Boluarte's presidency.[116] 90% of respondents felt that the performance of Congress suffered under Boluarte's leadership.[116]

Personal life

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Boluarte can speak Spanish and Quechua.[117] She was married to David Gómez Villasante. They have two sons, David Eduardo Gómez Boluarte and Daniel Felwig Gómez Boluarte.[17] She has a brother, Nicanor Boluarte, who was arrested in 2024 on suspicion of influence-peddling.[118]

Electoral history

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Year Office Type Party Main opponent Party Votes for Boluarte Result Swing
Total % P. ±%
2018 Mayor of Surquillo Municipal Libertarian Peru Giancarlo Casassa Christian People's Party 2,014 2.80% 9th N/A Lost N/A[119]
2020 Congresswoman from Lima Parliamentary Snap Free Peru N/A N/A 4,827 2.06% 16th N/A Lost N/A[120]
2021 First Vice President of Peru General Luis Galarreta Popular Force 2,724,752 18.92% 1st N/A Advanced into runoff N/A
8,836,380 50.13% 1st N/A Won Gain[121][122]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Martín Vizcarra was the most recent First Vice President before Boluarte. The First Vice Presidency became vacant from 2018 to 2021 following Vizcarra's accession to the presidency.
  2. ^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Boluarte and the second or maternal family name is Zegarra.

References

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  1. ^ "Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment". BBC News. 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  2. ^ Vega, Renzo Gómez (8 December 2022). "Dina Boluarte, Peru's first female president". EL PAÍS English Edition. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Dina Boluarte". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Taj, Mitra; Garro, Marco (27 January 2023). "'We Have to Come Here to Be Seen': Protesters Descend on Lima". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Peru". Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. 14 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023. The mainstream press, which is mostly opposed to Castillo's government, supported Boluarte's administration, which moved away from the left and aligned itself with conservative parties, seeking to protect markets and preserve the economic model which has been the status quo in the country for the past two decades.
  6. ^ a b "Daniel Encinas: "Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalición con fuerzas que no ganaron la elección"". La Republica (in Spanish). 2 January 2023. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  7. ^ Noriega, Carlos (20 December 2022). "Dina Boluarte y su giro represivo en Perú: La presidenta parece ir hacia un régimen autoritario cívico-militar". Pagina 12 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  8. ^ "El gobierno peruano está masacrando manifestantes". Jacobin (in Spanish). 25 January 2023. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. El gobierno de Boluarte, ahora reconocido por muchos como un régimen cívico-militar
  9. ^ "Perú: Boluarte se aferra al poder y construye un enemigo interno para justificar la represión". Público. 14 January 2023. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  10. ^ a b  • Franco, Marina E. (24 January 2023). "Peru's protest crackdown could lead to authoritarianism, experts say". Axios. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Global freedom recession may be 'bottoming out': Freedom House". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2023. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
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  14. ^ a b "After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders". Reuters. 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Peru recalls ambassador to Honduras for 'unacceptable interference' as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. 26 January 2023. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  16. ^ a b Tegel, Simeon (13 December 2022). "Peru's Castillo says he's still president; international allies agree". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "Dina Boluarte: los datos poco conocidos de la primera presidenta del Perú". Infobae (in European Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  18. ^ "¿Quiénes conforman la plancha presidencial de Pedro Castillo para las Elecciones 2021?". El Popular (in Spanish). 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  19. ^ Ellis, R. Evan (28 August 2022). The Evolution of Peru's Multidimensional Challenges. IndraStra Papers. ISBN 978-1-959278-00-9. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  20. ^ Costilla, Kristell (11 July 2023). "Dina Boluarte: libro de su coautoría sobre los Derechos Humanos registra un 55% de plagio". La República (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  21. ^ "Quién es Dina Boluarte, la vicepresidenta del gobierno de Pedro Castillo". El Popular (in Spanish). 29 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Dina Boluarte: biografía de la candidata a la vicepresidencia por Perú Libre" (Video). Panamericana Televisión (in Spanish). 11 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Abogada Dina Boluarte Zegarra precandidata a primera vicepresidencia por el partido Perú Libre". radiotitanka.pe (in Spanish). 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  24. ^ Flores, José (11 April 2021). "Elecciones 2021; Dina Boluarte: "Vamos a cambiar la estructura económica del país"". RPP (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  25. ^ "Peru election: socialist Pedro Castillo claims victory ahead of official result". The Guardian. Reuters. 16 June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  26. ^ "Peru Nervously Awaits Outcome Nine Days After Presidential Vote". A. F. P. News. 16 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  27. ^ "Pedro Castillo Vicepresidenta Dina Boluarte: "La clase media limeña acomodada seguramente dejará de serlo" Elecciones 2021 nndc". Gestión (in Spanish). 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  28. ^ a b c d e "Dina Boluarte: de la izquierda radical a la colusión con la derecha y las Fuerzas Armadas". La Republica (in Spanish). 22 January 2023. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  29. ^ "Dina Boluarte jura como ministra de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social". andina.pe (in Spanish). Lima. 29 July 2021. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Perú Libre expulsa a Dina Boluarte por declarar que nunca abrazó el ideario de ese partido". infobae (in European Spanish). 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Perú Libre: Piden la expulsión de Dina Boluarte como militante por "desprestigiar la imagen" de Vladimir Cerrón nndc". Gestión (in Spanish). 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
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Party political offices
Preceded by
Jorge Paredes Terry
 Free Peru nominee for First Vice President of Peru
2021 		Most recent
Political offices
Vacant
Title last held by
Martín Vizcarra 		First Vice President of Peru
2021–2022 		Vacant
Preceded by Minister of Development and Social Inclusion
2021–2022 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Peru
2022–present 		Incumbent
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dina_Boluarte&oldid=1256777235"