"Brüder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit" (Brothers, to the sun, to freedom) is the title of the German re-writing of the Russian work song Brave, comrades, in step! (Russian: Смело, товарищи, в ногу!, romanized: Smelo, tovarišči, v nogu!), which Leonid Petrovich Radin wrote[1] during 1895/96 in Moscow while he was in Taganka Prison.
History
editRadin used the student song Slowly moving time Russian: Медленно движется время, romanized: Medlenno dvižetsja vremja, to which Ivan Sawvich Nikitin wrote the text in September 1857, published in 1858 under the title Песня ("song") in the Russian magazine Russian Conversation Russian: Русская беседа, romanized: Russkaja beseda. Radin also changed the rhythm of the previous slow waltz melody to a brisk and combative march.
The song was first sung by political prisoners on the march to the Siberian exile in 1898. The song quickly became known for its rousing nature, but also because of the origin of its melody: In the 1905 Russian Revolution and the October Revolution 1917 it became an anthem in Russia. Radin himself never experienced either; he died in 1900 at the age of 39.
The German conductor Hermann Scherchen, director of a workers' choir, learned the song in Russian captivity in 1917 and created a German version in 1918. In Germany, it was sung for the first time on September 21, 1920, in Berlin by the "Schubert Choir". While Radin wrote seven stanzas, Scherchen's German version only included three. During the time of the Weimar Republic a fourth and a fifth stanza by unknown authors were written.
In 1921 the song even appeared in a religious hymn book. The Sonnenlieder edited by Eberhard Arnold, until today the hymn book of the Pacifist Anabaptist Bruderhofgemeinschaft (Brotherhood Community), uses the song as Hymn 63.[2] The last line of the third stanza was, however, changed by Erich Mohr (1895–1960).[3] For Hermann Scherchen, the German translator of the workers' song, the final verse is "Brothers, now the hands united to one, / Brothers, laughing at death! / Forever, the slavery is at an end, / holy be the last battle!";[4] in the Sun Songs the last verse reads "Holy be the Love Power!"[5]
The Nazi Party reappropriated the popular song, first with a specially adapted fourth stanza,[6] then in 1927, it was converted to "Brothers in Pits and Mines", one of the best known propaganda songs in Nazi Germany, as well as "Brothers Form the Columns", a song by the Sturmabteilung. In the propaganda song "Volk ans Gewehr" ("People to the rifle!"), the first line also refers to this song with "... a sign of freedom to the sun".
It developed over the decades into the probably most sung song of the workers' movement after the Second World War. In addition to "When we go side by side", it is the party anthem of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and is used at the end of each SPD party congress, but also had its place at the party meetings of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.
On June 17, 1953, the song was sung in many of the demonstrations in East Germany.[citation needed] It was also sung at the Monday Demonstations of 1989 in Leipzig.
There are many translations in other European languages.
Melody
edit
Literature
edit- Eckhard John: Brüder zur Sonne, zur Freiheit. Die unerhörte Geschichte eines Revolutionsliedes. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-96289-016-2[7]
References
edit- ^ GSE: 94869
- ^ Markus Baum: Eberhard Arnold. A life in the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount. Schwarzenfeld 2013, p. 155.
- ^ For Erich Mohr see International Archives of the Service Civil International (SCI): Erich Mohr Archived May 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- ^ "Brüder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit", lieder-archiv.de/. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- ^ See Sonnenlieder, No. 63; see also p. 207 (comment on Hymn 63).
- ^ "Songs of the Hitler Youth". Demokratische Blätter. 5 (78). 1935.
Break the yoke of the tyrants who tormented us so cruelly! Swing the swastika flag over the workers' state
- ^ Norbert Linke: "Über Schwierigkeit und Notwendigkeit, melodische Herkunftsnachweise zu sichern". In Deutsche Johann Strauss Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): Neues Leben, issue 53 (2016/Nr. 3), ISSN 1438-065X, pp. 54–59.