Brisbane Grammar School (BGS) is an independent, fee charging, non-denominational, day and boarding school for boys, located in Spring Hill, an inner suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is the second oldest secondary school in Queensland established after Ipswich Grammar School the oldest secondary school in the state.[1] Some of the Brisbane Grammar School Buildings are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.[3]
| Brisbane Grammar School | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | |
 | |
| , Queensland Australia | |
| Coordinates | 27°27′33″S 153°1′0″E / 27.45917°S 153.01667°E |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent, day & boarding |
| Motto | Latin: Nil Sine Labore (Nothing Without Labour) |
| Denomination | Non-denominational |
| Established | 1868 |
| Employees | ~120[1] |
| Grades | 5–12 |
| Gender | Boys |
| Enrolment | ~1,700 (2016[1]) |
| Colour(s) | Sporting: Oxford Blue and Cambridge Blue Academic: red and gold[2] |
| Website | www.brisbanegrammar.com |
Established in 1868 under the Grammar Schools Act that was passed by the Government of Queensland in 1860, the school has a non-selective enrollment policy and currently caters for approximately 1500 students from Years 5 to 12,[1] including around 100 boarders.[4]
Brisbane Grammar School is affiliated with the Australian Boarding Schools Association (ABSA),[4] the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA),[5] Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ),[6] and is a founding member of the Great Public Schools' Association Inc (GPS).[7]
History
edit
Brisbane Grammar School was founded in 1868 under the Grammar Schools Act, which had been passed by the Queensland Government in 1860. It was the second school established under this act in Queensland, with the first being Ipswich Grammar School.
The original school, designed by Benjamin Backhouse, was on a site in Roma Street in Brisbane City, approximately opposite modern Herschel Street. the stone foundation was laid at the site on 21 February 1868. The school opened in February 1869, with ninety-four students and four masters, under the leadership of headmaster Thomas Harlin.[8] In 1881, the school was moved a few hundred metres away to its current site on Gregory Terrace in Spring Hill to make way for Roma Street railway station to become a junction station.
Following the opening of the boarding house in 1886, science laboratories were constructed in 1912.
On 14 August 1916, the Queensland Governor, Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams unveiled a war memorial with the names of 600 students who had enlisted.[9] In 1921, Brigadier General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson, a former pupil, presented a field gun to the school, an Austrian-made 10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15, which had been taken from the Ottoman Army by the Australian Light Horse at the Capture of Jenin in 1918.[10]
A new library and assembly hall were constructed in 1969 as a celebration of the school's centenary.
During the mid-1990s, the school commenced work on the off-campus Northgate ovals, which now consist of six fields that are used for cricket, rugby union and soccer fixtures. The Indoor Sports Centre was completed in 2000, and the old gymnasium was later renovated to become the new Centre for Art.
In 2002, the school underwent a major redevelopment with the construction of a new middle school, which had its first intake of grade 6 and 7 students in 2003. This middle school consists of a large block of multi-purpose classrooms, functioning as a complete school in itself, with its own teachers and independent timetables. Grade 6 and 7 students spend most of their time in the middle school, although they do use the facilities of the "Upper School" for such activities as physical education and assemblies. In 2014, Year 5 was added to the middle school with 100 new students enrolled.[11]
Headmasters
edit
| Period | Details |
|---|---|
| 1869–1876 | Thomas Harlin |
| 1876–1909 | Reginald Heber Roe |
| 1909–1927 | F. S. N. Bousfield |
| 1928–1939 | S. Stephenson |
| 1940–1947 | G. Carson Cooling, Old Boy of Brisbane Grammar School |
| 1948–1952 | H. R. Pigott |
| 1953–1956 | A. E. McLucas |
| 1956–1963 | H. R. Newell, Old Boy of Brisbane Grammar School |
| 1964–1989 | Maxwell Howell AM |
| 1990–2005 | Dr. Peter Lennox |
| 2006–2013 | Brian Short, Old Boy of Brisbane Grammar School |
| 2014– | Anthony Micallef |
Extracurricular activities
editCultural activities
editStudents are able to participate in a wide range of musical groups, established by former directors of music, John Broughton,[12] and Bruce May,[13] including two orchestras, five concert bands, three stage bands, eight string ensembles, five choirs, and an array of other instrumental ensembles, including three percussion ensembles. John Callaghan was the driving force behind establishing most of the bands.[13] Student-led ensembles feature in concerts every year. Furthermore, each year the BGS Music Department performs an event known as the Grammar Community in Concert, typically at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music. This event brings together members from across the BGS Community, including the BGS Community Choir, incorporating parents, teachers, and friends. The school also has a thriving Drama program, largely established by former Drama Master, Brian Cannon,[14] presenting a range of plays and musicals. In addition, opportunities in debating and public speaking are offered, with the school participating in Queensland Debating Union and Greater Public Schools annual competitions. Additionally, Brisbane Grammar School has recently revamped its participation in enterprise education groups. With the newly reformed Economics and Enterprise Club, students are gaining exciting experiences through external competitions such as YAA, Ecoman and ABW. An array of other special-interest groups exist, including those which focus on Chess, Astronomy, Aviation, Christianity, Environmental aid, and Community Service.
Sport
editThe school offers a range of mainstream sporting activities, including cross country, track and field, rugby, football, basketball, tennis, cricket, gymnastics, debating, swimming, rowing, sailing, chess and volleyball within the GPS association of schools, as well as many others such as water polo, fencing and tae kwon-do.
GPS membership
editBrisbane Grammar School is a member of the Great Public Schools Association of Queensland Inc. (GPS).
in the early stages of GPS when competition with earlier established Ipswich Grammar began, Australian rules football was the chosen code. The first competitive match between the two schools was played in 1870 under these rules – the outcome was a draw. These early games were exceptionally long – the match between IGS and Brisbane Grammar in 1876 commenced at 10.30am and ended at 2.30pm, at which time IGS had scored 6 goals to Brisbane Grammar's nil. The first tennis match between Ipswich Grammar School (IGS) and Brisbane Grammar School took place in 1893, with IGS emerging victorious. IGS also triumphed in the inaugural cricket match between the two schools, although the exact scores have been lost to history
The school's membership enables its students to participate in sporting competitions as well as engage in endeavours such as Debating and musical events. Most competitions are played out on Saturdays at any of the schools' sporting facilities. The main campus comprises four playing fields in addition to eight tennis courts. Many fixtures, including Cricket, Rugby and Football, are conducted at the Northgate Campus. Sailing is run on Sundays at RQYS, Manly, and the GPS championship is held at the end of the season.
Campuses and facilities
editIndoor sports centre
editThe Indoor Sports Centre was officially opened by the Governor of Queensland, Major General Peter Arnison on 3 March 2000. The centre, which is situated on the main campus, is home to a multi-purpose double basketball court sports hall (which can also accommodate three volleyball courts, six badminton courts, 12 fencing pistes as well as futsal), an aquatic centre with a 10-lane, 25m heated swimming pool, a gymnasium featuring a deep foam pit, parallel bars and rings and a spectator area with seating for 150 people during sporting events, an indoor cricket net, as well as a weights room and theory rooms and amenities. This sports centre has hosted local and international sporting teams, such as the Queensland Reds, Australia national rugby union team, Brisbane Broncos, New Zealand national rugby union team, Australia national cricket team, United States swimming squad and the England national rugby union team.
Northgate Playing Fields
editWork commenced on the Northgate Playing Fields in the mid-1990s, which now have six ovals, accommodating Cricket, Rugby union, Soccer and Australian Rules Football fixtures. The fields are also used during the school week, especially for winter activities training sessions. Canteen facilities are provided on game days. Adjacent to the main oval is a small stadium which caters for seating for one half of the field, which also contains a dining area. The playing fields were used by the Australian Cricket Team prior to the 2006/2007 Ashes campaign, where they trained with the school's First XI.[15]
BGS Tennis Centre
editThe Tennis Centre, adjacent to the school grounds, is the location of tennis courts, a carpark, and a private balcony and small grandstand. Students visit this facility for PE lessons as well as sports training sessions. It is separated from the main campus by a public footbridge, which has been recently closed by Queensland Rail. Access is now available via a long walk from the Indoor Sports Centre, or via the Victoria Park side of the site.
Auditoriums and theatres
editThe school has 6 major auditoriums and a theatre: The Centenary Hall, The Great Hall, The Lilley Centre Forum, The Music Auditorium, The Amphitheatre, The Gallery and The Theatre.
Centenary Hall accommodates the entire senior school (9–12) student body for weekly assemblies, when The Gallery above is opened up to the Hall. The hall is also used for other events such as breakfasts, music concerts, debates and year-level tests. The Gallery above the hall can accommodate 2-year groups for lectures and information sessions.
The Great Hall is one of the school's most historic buildings. The walls have various honour-boards commemorating academic, sporting and cultural achievements, as well as honouring the names of those who have served in wars. The stage is overlooked by a 10*3-metre stained glass window, with Queen Victoria and her knights of the realm as a central feature. The hall provides venue for Form Year Assemblies, Public speaking, debating and music performances. It is also used for dinner parties (such as the Old-Boys Association's reunions or the Mothers of Past Student gatherings) and weddings for old-boys.
The Forum can seat around 150–200 people and is used for collaborative learning exercises, usually housing all students in a subject or 3–4 classes. When using the extra seating available, a whole 250 student cohort can be housed.
The Music Auditorium, established during the tenure of Bruce May as director of music, is a venue used to highlight the school's large music program. During the year a varied program of choral, concert and stage band and orchestral concerts take place. Many groups rehearse here weekly. Percussion equipment is able to fit in the hall.
The Drama Theatre, established under the tenure of Brian Cannon as drama master, can seat approximately 300 for theatrical productions. The school holds a junior school play, a senior school play and a middle school production (play or musical) every year. It is equipped with sound and lighting equipment, including audio and lighting boards operated by students, a green room, and technical storage space. The Centenary Hall for many years was the venue for theatre productions under director, Brian Cannon.[14]
Moogerah Outdoor Education Centre
editBrisbane Grammar School's off-campus centre at Pepperina Hill, near Lake Moogerah, was opened in 1976 and is named the Moogerah Outdoor Education Centre (colloquially referred to as Moogerah). The school sends each form class from grades 8, 9 and 10 out to the campus to strengthen intra-class relationships and morale, as well as develop team-working and leadership skills. Year 11 outdoor education leaders also attend the camp to build the relationship between the senior, and younger students. The five-day programme includes such activities as rock-climbing, bushwalking, orienteering, canoeing, and a camp-out in the bush at the foot of a mountain. Year 5, 6 and 7 students also visit the campsite, but for a shorter duration – one, two and three days respectively.
The centre is also used for various other school activities: Writer's Camps, Composers' Camps, Scientist-In-Residence Camps, sport training, FFG (Faith Fellowship Group) Christian Camps, Astronomy & sky viewings and fieldwork in senior courses. The rowers utilise the camp's boatshed on the lake's edge for training.
The Lilley Centre
editThe Lilley Centre is a centre located on the College Road side of the main campus (named after Premier and chairman of the Board of Trustees Sir Charles Lilley), and houses several classrooms equipped with learning technologies, a library, a lecture theatre (called 'The Forum') and a seniors' study room. The centre was officially opened on 26 February 2010 by former Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh.
STEAM precinct
editIn 2024, the BGS STEAM precinct was officially opened. It combines the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics. It is located on the main campus, near the Indoor Sports Centre.
Recent incidents
editPedophile compensation controversy
editIn 2003, the school was involved in controversy when it attempted to recover damages from its insurer following students' claims that they had been sexually abused by Kevin Lynch, school counsellor between the 1976 and 1988.[16][17]
Some 70 former students sued the school, alleging Lynch sexually abused them during counselling sessions. Rejecting out-of-court settlements, some of the victims claimed compensation in the Supreme Court of Queensland. Two former students had allegedly lodged complaints about Lynch's conduct with then headmaster of the school, Maxwell Howell, in the early 1980s and the issue was quietly investigated. However Grammar was unaware the details of the investigation had to be passed on to its insurer.[16] For failing to notify its insurer of the complaints made of Lynch, the school thus became liable for A$1.17 million in legal fees and compensation.[16]
Lynch was charged in January 1997 over the abuses perpetrated at both St Paul's School (where he was subsequently employed) and Brisbane Grammar. Lynch committed suicide on 23 January 1997, the day after being charged.[18][19]
Fumes exposure incident
editOn 14 July 2010, 120 students were exposed to a chemical solvent being used in school construction works. Many of these students had been exposed for less than 20 minutes. 6 ambulance crews were dispatched to the school, where 35 students experienced sore eyes and throats as well as minor breathing difficulties. Of the students affected, 2 were hospitalised.[20]
Notable alumni
edit
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. (January 2023) |
Politics
edit- Don Bennett — aviation pioneer, bomber pilot and member of Member of Parliament in the UK
- Thomas Joseph Byrnes — former Premier of Queensland
- Frederick W. Paterson — Rhodes Scholar and the only member of a Communist party ever to be elected to a parliament anywhere in Australia
- Ian Macfarlane — Liberal National Federal Cabinet Minister
- Tom Burns — former Labor Party National President and Deputy Premier of Queensland
- Drew Hutton — co-founder of the Australian Greens, university lecturer, and social and environmental activist
- Sir James Killen AC KCMG — Minister for Defence and Federal Member for Moreton
Law and the judiciary
edit- Justice Ian Callinan — Justice of the High Court of Australia
- Justice Sir Charles Powers — Justice of the High Court of Australia
- Justice John Logan RFD — judge of the Federal Court of Australia and president of the Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal
- Max Julius — barrister and communist[21]
- Sir Arnold Lucas Bennett — barrister and president of the Bar Association of Queensland (1957–1959)[22]
- Henry George Fryberg — Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland
Journalism
edit- Malcolm Farr — Canberra-based political journalist and commentator
- Andrew Olle — ABC and Nine Network journalist (last year of school only)[23]
- Michael Ware — CNN war correspondent and Time magazine journalist
Military and public service
edit- Sir Charles Spry — Director-General of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
- Major General John Pearn AO RFD — Surgeon General of the Australian Defence Force[24]
- Commander Eric Feldt OBE RAN — head of the Coastwatchers WWII[25]
- Brigadier General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson — commander of the Australian Light Horse in the First World War[10]
The arts
edit- William Baylebridge — writer and poet
- Robert Davidson — composer, artistic director
- Robin Dods — architect
- Robert Forster — musician, singer-songwriter and founder of The Go-Betweens
- Jack Lindsay — Marxist author and poet
- J J Hilder — painter
- Leonard Shillam — sculptor[26]
- David Malouf — author[27]
- Brad Shepherd — musician
- Ian Haug and John Collins — musicians, Powderfinger
- Spencer Howson — radio presenter
- Stephen Vagg — writer, author of All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane (2007)
- Adam Zwar — actor and creator of award-winning television shows Wilfred and Lowdown
- Christopher Wrench — organist[28][29]
- Ray Chen — violinist
Science and academia
edit- Jock R. Anderson — agricultural economist at the World Bank and emeritus professor at the University of New England
- John Graeme Balsillie — inventor, communications engineer, business proprietor who oversaw establishment of Australia's coastal radio network
- Bob Bryan — geologist and businessman[30]
- Alexander Marks — physician and military officer
- Errol Solomon Meyers — Brisbane doctor and one of the founding fathers of the University of Queensland School of Medicine
- Donald Nicklin — chemical engineer and professor[31]
Business
edit- Tom Strachan — head of AWX
Sport
edit- Dick Marks — Wallaby and national coaching director
- Trent Baker — pitcher and outfielder for the Cleveland Indians and Brisbane Bandits baseball teams
- Mitchell Chapman — New South Wales Waratahs player
- Samuel Conrad — Australian eight Olympic rower
- Ben Cutting — cricket, Queensland Bulls, Australia, Brisbane Heat
- Luke DeVere — footballer, QAS, AIS and Brisbane Roar and Socceroo centre back
- Ben Dunk — cricket, Queensland Bulls, Hobart Hurricanes, Tasmania Tigers
- Roy Emerson — tennis player, won 12 Grand Slam singles titles and 16 Grand Slam doubles titles
- Francis Gailey — Australian/American freestyle swimmer
- Julian Gardner — rugby, Wallaby & Italy
- Matthew Hammelmann — AFL footballer
- Lee Holdsworth — V8 supercar driver
- Toby Jenkins — Olympic water polo player 2004
- Dick Johnson — V8 supercar driver
- Tom Lawton — former Wallabies captain
- Rob Lawton — rugby, Wallaby prop
- Cameron Lillicrap — rugby, Wallaby prop
- Joel Macdonald — AFL footballer
- Alan Marshal — cricket, Queensland and Surrey County Cricket Club
- Bob McCowan — Wallaby captain 1899
- Andy McIntyre — rugby, Wallaby prop
- Matt McKay — footballer, captain of the Brisbane Roar FC and Socceroo midfielder
- Edgar Moon — tennis player, won 1930 Australian Open men's single title, 1932 men's doubles title, 1929 and 1934 mixed doubles titles
- Stephen Moore — Wallaby since 2005 and former captain
- Frank Nicholson — Wallaby captain 1904
- Otto Nothling — Australian Cricket/Rugby Union player
- David Ogilvie — Australian test cricketer 1977–78
- Richard Powell — Australian Olympic rower
- Darryn Purcell — Australian rower
- Sir Charles Powers — Queensland cricket captain
- Matt Renshaw — cricket, Queensland Bulls, Australia
- Bill Ross — rugby, Wallaby hooker
- Pud Thurlow — Australian cricketer
- Keith Winning — rugby, Wallaby captain
- Greg Martin — rugby, Wallaby fullback
- David Nucifora — rugby, Wallaby hooker
- Patrick Holt — national representative rower
- Logan Ullrich — national representative rower (New Zealand)
Rhodes Scholars
edit
| Year of election[32][33] | Name[32][33] |
|---|---|
| 1904 | Arthur S. Roe |
| 1905 | Norman Leslie |
| 1908 | Stanley Castlehow |
| 1909 | Leonard G Brown |
| 1911 | Harold K. Denham |
| 1914 | Allan W.L. Row |
| 1915 | John N. Radcliffe |
| 1918 | Frederick W. Paterson |
| 1919 | Victor Grenning |
| 1922 | Tom Lawton |
| 1927 | Franz Konrad Saddler Hirschfeld |
| 1928 | John H. Lavery |
| 1930 | Cecil E. Kerr |
| 1939 | James K. Newman |
| 1958 | Thomas Baxter |
| 1960 | Clive P. Hildebrand |
| 1967 | John M. Fenwick |
| 1978 | Peter J. Wetherall |
| 1981 | Donald Markwell |
| 1982 | David M. Rose |
| 1991 | Craig Arnott |
| 1992 | Daniel V. Botsman |
| 2006 | Nicholas I. Luke |
| 2007 | Ryan A. Goss |
| 2020 | Nicholas Salmon[34] |
| 2024 | Jeremy Hunt[35] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d "2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Staff & Students. Brisbane Grammar School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Brisbane Grammar School – Grammar History Archived 21 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Brisbane Grammar School (entry 600124)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Brisbane Grammar School". Schools. Australian Boarding Schools' Association. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "AHISA Schools". Queensland. Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
- ^ "Brisbane Grammar, School". School Search. Independent Schools Queensland. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "GPS Schools". Sport and Music. Brisbane State High School. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "Grammar History". Brisbane Grammar School. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ "Brisbane Grammar School War Memorial". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 11 August 1916. p. 6. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
- ^ a b "Brisbane Grammar School WWI War Trophy". www.qldwarmemorials.com.au. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science). 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Middle School". Brisbane Grammar School. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ Primrose, H., Light Blue Dark Blue, Brisbane, Brisbane Grammar School, p.236 ISBN 978 0 9593 287 6 9
- ^ a b Primrose, H., Light Blue Dark Blue, p.236
- ^ a b Primrose, H., Light Blue Dark Blue, p.253
- ^ "Cricket Australia > Inside Cricket > CA Centre of Excellence > Structure & Vision". Archived from the original on 27 February 2011.
- ^ a b c David Murray, School pays sex victims Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Courier Mail, 5 November 2006
- ^ Board of Enquiry report Archived 16 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Anglican Diocese of Brisbane, 22 April 2003
- ^ Courier Mail Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Survivor Link [dead link]
- ^ "Nearly 200 exposed to solvent at Brisbane Grammar School in suburban Spring Hill" The Australian
- ^ McGuire, John, 'Julius, Max Nordau (1916–1963)' Archived 15 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 9 September 2012
- ^ Demack, Alan. "Bennett, Sir Arnold Lucas (1908–1983)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
- ^ Masters, Chris (2019). "John Andrew Olle (1947–1995)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Patron – Major General J. Pearn, AM, RFD Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Brisbane Grammar School Magazine 1913
- ^ "Trove". Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "David Malouf". Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Primrose, H., Light Blue Dark Blue, p.263
- ^ "Christopher Wrench (Organ) - Short Biography". Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "2009 Inductee: Bob Bryan, AM". Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame. State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ^ "Innovative engineer". The Courier Mail. November 3, 2007. 3 November 2007.
- ^ a b "Queensland Rhodes Scholars" (doc). Rhodes Scholarship. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
- ^ a b "BGS History" (PDF). BGS. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Nicholas Salmon is Queensland's 2020 Rhodes Scholar". QUT News. Queensland University of Technology. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ^ "UQ grad Jeremy Hunt is Queensland's 2024 Rhodes Scholar". News. Queensland University of Technology. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
Further reading
edit- Primrose, H. (2019). Light Blue Dark Blue, 150 years of Learning and Leadership at Brisbane Grammar School, Brisbane, Brisbane Grammar School, ISBN 978 0 95932 87 6 9
- Stephenson, S. (1923). Annals of the Brisbane Grammar School 1869–1922 / compiled by Stuart Stephenson. Brisbane: Government Printer
- Willey, Keith; Brisbane Grammar School (1968), The first hundred years : the story of Brisbane Grammar School, 1868–1968, Brisbane Grammar School; Melbourne : Macmillan of Australia, retrieved 30 November 2016
External links
edit