Wikipedia

Brynjulf Ottar


Brynjulf Ottar (1918–1988) was a Norwegian atmospheric chemist who served as the first director of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research.[1] In the 1970s, his work on the long-range transport of air pollution helped to alert the world to the problem of acid rain;[2][3] later, he was one of the first scientists to describe the mechanism of global distillation (the "grasshopper effect"), by which pollutants travel from mid-latitude parts of Earth to the Arctic.[4][5]

Brynjulf Ottar
Born1918 (1918)
Died1988 (aged 69–70)
Alma materUniversity of Oslo
Known forAir pollution
Scientific career
InstitutionsNorwegian Institute for Air Research
Academic advisorsOdd Hassel

Early life and career

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Ottar studied chemistry at the University of Oslo (UiO) under Odd Hassel during World War II. While there, he helped to found XU, the underground resistance organization opposing the German occupation of Norway, which drew many of its members from UiO's community of science students.[6] After the war ended, Ottar completed a doctorate in chemistry and, in 1951, began working for the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), where he became Superintendent of the Division of Chemistry. Later, he joined the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and became its first director in 1969.[7][8]

Scientific research

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At NILU, Ottar focused on what became known as transboundary (long-range) air pollution and the mechanisms by which it carried harmful chemicals thousands of kilometers – across entire countries and continents.[9]

During the mid-20th century, disasters such as the Great London Smog of 1952 had highlighted the problem of air pollution, but it was still considered to be essentially a local issue: few realized that pollution could travel, and do damage, over long distances, or that one country's pollution could harm another. Ironically, short-term solutions to local pollution problems often caused wider, long-term issues: the UK's Clean Air Act 1956 "solved" London's smogs through measures such as tall chimneys, which dissipated pollution over a wider area and longer range.[10]

Norwegian scientists had observed the gradual acidification of the country's fresh waters through much of the 20th century, but it was only with the publication of pioneering work on acid rain by Svante Odén, in the late 1960s, that the causes became apparent.[11] Ottar observed that thousands of lakes in Norway had become acidified and biologically impoverished due to industrial and power plant pollution from countries such as Britain, France, Germany, and Luxembourg.[12]

In 1970, he was appointed director of the OECD-sponsored Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Project[13] and championed cooperative international efforts to monitor the problem of acid rain, despite resistance from the countries concerned and the stark political divisions of the Cold War era.[14][15] Ottar noted that "Norway, Sweden, and Finland are geographically in a particularly exposed situation, and receive considerably larger [pollution] contributions from other countries than from their own sources".[8] In 1974, for example, Norway was estimated to have received 30,000 tonnes of sulphur pollution from within its own borders but 60,000 tonnes from the UK and Ireland; by contrast, the UK and Ireland received zero sulphur pollution from Norway.[8] The project eventually concluded that "Sulphur compounds do travel long distances in the atmosphere and the air quality in any European country is measurably affected by emissions from other European countries".[16]

In 1977, following the conclusion of the project, Ottar wrote a paper titled "International Agreement Needed to Reduce Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants in Europe";[8] two years later, 51 countries signed the UN Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP).[17] Ultimately, however, Ottar's efforts were thwarted by resistance from countries such as Britain that were causing much of the pollution. As Dr Rachel Emma Rothschild notes, in a detailed account of his work: "Ottar was given the opportunity to organize a study of unprecedented scale on acid rain, but had little recourse to set the agenda, police the countries withholding financial contributions, or rectify their poor participation... As a result, knowledge about the transport of air pollution was substantially increased—though, as Ottar lamented, in the end the research was not enough to prompt international action on the environmental threat of acid rain."[18]

In the early 1980s, Ottar became one of the first scientists to describe the mechanism by which harmful chemicals produced at mid-latitudes can be transported, via the atmosphere, to the Arctic – a phenomenon called global distillation.[4][19][20]

Selected publications

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Books and reports

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  • Ottar, Brynjulf (1958). Self-diffusion and fluidity in liquids. Oslo: Oslo University Press. OCLC 1291186. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  • Ottar, Brynjulf, ed. (1980). Sources and Significance of Natural and Man-Made Aerosols in the Arctic: Report of a Workshop Supported and Organised by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Lillestrøm, 27-28 April 1977. ISBN 82-7247-180-9. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  • Pacyna, Jozef M.; Ottar, Brynjulf (1989). Control and Fate of Atmospheric Trace Metals. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 9789400923157. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

Articles and scientific papers

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References

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  1. ^ Fuller, Gary (2019). The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution – and How We Can Fight Back. London: Melville House. p. 74. ISBN 9781911545514.
  2. ^ Stone, David (2015). The Changing Arctic Environment: The Arctic Messenger. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9781107094413. Brynjulf Ottar... was a pioneer in studies to understand long-range atmospheric transport, particularly with regard to acid rain.
  3. ^ Fuller, Gary (2019). The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution – and How We Can Fight Back. London: Melville House. p. 74. ISBN 9781911545514. The first alarm bells were raised by a Norwegian scientist called Brynjulf Ottar.
  4. ^ a b Stone, David (2015). The Changing Arctic Environment: The Arctic Messenger. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9781107094413. Meanwhile Brynjulf Ottar was describing the concept of 'the grasshopper effect'... and 'cold trapping' by successive volatilization and condensation as early as 1981...
  5. ^ Harrad, Stuart (6 December 2012). Persistent Organic Pollutants Environmental Behaviour and Pathways of Human Exposure. US: Springer. p. 223. ISBN 9781461515715. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ...the first real evidence for LRT as a source to the Arctic was presented in the mid-1980s for the Norwegian Arctic (Oehme and Mang, 1984; Oehme and Ottar, 1984; Pacyna and Oehme, 1988).
  6. ^ Watson, Peter (2018). Fallout: Conspiracy, Cover-Up and the Deceitful Case for the Atom Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781471164507.
  7. ^ Rothschild, Rachel (2019). Poisonous Skies: Acid Rain and the Globalization of Pollution. University of Chicago Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780226634715.
  8. ^ a b c d Ottar, Brynjulf (1977). "International Agreement Needed to Reduce Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants in Europe". Ambio. 6 (5): 262–269. JSTOR 4312295. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  9. ^ Ottar, Brynjulf (1976). Dochinger, Leon; Seliga, Thomas (eds.). "Organization of long-range transport of air pollution monitoring in Europe". Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, May 12-15, 1975, Columbus, Ohio. 6 (2–4). Upper Darby, PA: USDA Forest Service: 105. Bibcode:1976WASP....6..219O. doi:10.1007/BF00182866. S2CID 97680751. Large amounts of sulphuric acid can be transported over distances up to a few thousand kilometers.
  10. ^ Woodford, Chris (2021). Breathless: Why Air Pollution Matters and How it Affects You. London: Icon. p. 78. ISBN 9781785787102.
  11. ^ Laugen, Torunn (2000). "5: The Reluctant Pusher: Norway and the Acid Rain Convention". In Underdal, Arild; Hanf, Kenneth (eds.). International Environmental Agreements and Domestic Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781315199566.
  12. ^ Okidi, C (1978). Regional Control of Ocean Pollution:Legal and Institutional Problems and Prospects. Netherlands: Springer. p. 65. ISBN 9789028603677. Retrieved 20 December 2021. Brynjulf Ottar, the Director of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, recently wrote that some thousands of lakes in the mountain areas are biologically dying due to increasing acidification from industrial fumes with origins in the industrial areas of Western Europe.
  13. ^ Ottar, Brynjulf (1976). "Monitoring Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants: The OECD Study". Ambio. 5 (6): 203–206. JSTOR 4312216. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  14. ^ Rothschild, Rachel (2019). Poisonous Skies: Acid Rain and the Globalization of Pollution. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226634715.
  15. ^ Grennfelt, Peringe; Engleryd, Anna; Forsius, Martin; Hov, Øystein; Rodhe, Henning; Cowling, Ellis (2020). "Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy". Ambio. 49 (4): 849–864. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01244-4. PMC 7028813. PMID 31542884.
  16. ^ OECD (1976). The OECD Programme on Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants: Measurement and Findings. Paris: OECD.
  17. ^ "Long-range transport of air pollutants". NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  18. ^ Rothschild, Rachel (2019). Poisonous Skies: Acid Rain and the Globalization of Pollution. University of Chicago Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780226634715.
  19. ^ Franklin, James (17 April 2006). "Long-Range Transport of Chemicals in the Environment" (PDF). Eurochlor. p. 24.
  20. ^ Ottar, Brynjulf (1981). "The transfer of airborne pollutants to the Arctic region". Atmospheric Environment. 15 (8): 1439–1445. Bibcode:1981AtmEn..15.1439O. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(81)90350-4. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
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