Budiodarone (ATI-2042) is an antiarrhythmic agent and chemical analog of amiodarone that is currently being studied in clinical trials. Amiodarone is considered the most effective antiarrhythmic drug available,[1][2][3] but its adverse side effects, including hepatic, pulmonary and thyroid toxicity as well as multiple drug interactions,[4] are discouraging its use. Budiodarone only differs in structure from amiodarone through the presence of a sec-butyl acetate side chain at position 2 of the benzofuran moiety.[5] This side chain allows for budiodarone to have a shorter half-life in the body than amiodarone (7 hours versus 35–68 days) which allows it to have a faster onset of action and metabolism while still maintaining similar electrophysiological activity.[4] The faster metabolism of budiodarone allows for fewer adverse side effects than amiodarone principally due to decreased levels of toxicity in the body.
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| Formula | C27H31I2NO5 |
| Molar mass | 703.356 g·mol−1 |
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Creation of arrhythmias
editArrhythmias may be caused by changes in ion channel mRNA and protein expression which modify action potential generation through dysfunctional channels and increase the likelihood of inappropriate electrical re-entry (electrical stimulus entering back into the cell to prematurely start the next action potential).[6] The increase in electrical re-entry causes the fibrillation or uncontrolled action potential discord of atrial myocytes. Arrhythmias have historically been treated using atrial ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs to decrease electrical re-entry and therefore fibrillation.
Treatment of arrhythmias
editBudiodarone holds much promise as an antiarrhythmic drug to prevent fibrillation. As a drug that spans over many of antiarrhythmic drug classes, the electrophysiological activity of budiodarone includes:[4]
Inhibition of potassium, sodium and calcium channels
editThrough inhibiting potassium channels, budiodarone causes a decreased efflux of potassium out of the myocyte during the refractory period of its action potential, increasing the time it takes to reach the resting membrane potential.
Through blocking sodium channels, budiodarone causes a decrease in sodium influx into myocytes during the depolarization period of its action potential.
Through blocking calcium channels, budiodarone causes a decrease in calcium influx into myocytes, decreasing intracellular calcium and decreasing cardiac contractility, which is beneficial in preventing arrhythmias, but detrimental in ventricular contraction.
Increase in atrial myocyte refractory period
editThrough prolonging the refractory and depolarization periods of the action potential, there is a decreased likelihood that electrical re-entry will occur.
Increased stimulus-to-atrium and atrium-to-bundle of his intervals
editIncreasing the time interval between stimulus to atrium and/or atrium to bundle of his in action potential conduction slows the rate of myocyte contraction, thereby slowing heart rate.
Increased MAPD90 and QT-intervals
editIncreasing the time interval of MAPD90 (response of monophasic action potential duration at 90% repolarization)in action potential conduction, slowing the rate of myocyte contraction, thereby slowing heart rate.
Dose-dependent decrease in heart rate
editA decrease in heart rate reduces the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Clinical trials
editPreliminary trials of budiodarone have administered the drug orally as a tartrate salt in amounts ranging from 200–800 mg bid.[7][8] Evidence has shown that 400–600 mg bid doses were associated with the highest reduction in atrial fibrillation burden (54.4% and 75% respectively)[8] while remaining free of the adverse side effects common with amiodarone.[7] In addition to reductions in atrial fibrillation burden, similar dose-dependent reductions in the number of atrial fibrillation episodes and the duration of atrial fibrillation episodes have been demonstrated. [7][8]
There has also been evidence of prolonged budiodarone cardiac effect days after drug discontinuation as the atrial fibrillation baseline measurements were not reached in washout periods.[7] This suggests that budiodarone may promote atrial re-modelling to improve malfunctioning ion channels that once potentiated fibrillation.
Future use
editData on the effects of long-term budiodarone are not yet available. The completion of current clinical trials will examine chronic budiodarone use to confirm or deny its use as an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, Connolly S, Eisenberg MJ, Green M, Kus T, Lambert J, Dubuc M, Gagné P, Nattel S, Thibault B (March 2000). "Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators". The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (13): 913–20. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003303421302. PMID 10738049.
- ^ Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, Tang XC, Lopez B, Harris CL, Fletcher RD, Sharma SC, Atwood JE, Jacobson AK, Lewis HD, Raisch DW, Ezekowitz MD (May 2005). "Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (18): 1861–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041705. PMID 15872201.
- ^ Kochiadakis GE, Igoumenidis NE, Marketou ME, Kaleboubas MD, Simantirakis EN, Vardas PE (September 2000). "Low dose amiodarone and sotalol in the treatment of recurrent, symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a comparative, placebo controlled study". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 84 (3): 251–7. doi:10.1136/heart.84.3.251. PMC 1760955. PMID 10956284.
- ^ a b c Morey TE, Seubert CN, Raatikainen MJ, Martynyuk AE, Druzgala P, Milner P, Gonzalez MD, Dennis DM (April 2001). "Structure-activity relationships and electrophysiological effects of short-acting amiodarone homologs in guinea pig isolated heart". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 297 (1): 260–6. PMID 11259553.
- ^ Mason PK, DiMarco JP (2009). "Advances in Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology". Circulation. 2: 588–597. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.991.2904.
- ^ Bosch RF, Nattel S (May 2002). "Cellular electrophysiology of atrial fibrillation". Cardiovascular Research. 54 (2): 259–69. doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00529-6. PMID 12062331.
- ^ a b c d Arya A, Silberbauer J, Teichman SL, Milner P, Sulke N, Camm AJ (April 2009). "A preliminary assessment of the effects of ATI-2042 in subjects with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using implanted pacemaker methodology". Europace. 11 (4): 458–64. doi:10.1093/europace/eun384. PMC 2659603. PMID 19174378.
- ^ a b c Ezekowitz M, Hohnloser SH, Lubinski A, Bandman O, Canafax D, Ellis DJ, Milner PG, Ziola M, Thibault B (May 2009). PASCAL: a randomized doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of budiodarone (ATI-2042) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and pacemakers with atrial fibrillation data logging capabilities. Heart Rhythm Society Annual Scientific Sessions. Boston, Mass.