Buffalo gun may refer to:
- A rifle used for hunting American buffalo (bison)
- Hawken rifle, a muzzle-loading rifle from the earlier period of American western expansion
- Buffalo rifle, a later, often breechloading cartridge rifle during the period of commercial buffalo hunting
- A rifle used for hunting African Cape buffalo
- Heavy calibre bolt action rifle
- Heavy calibre double rifle
- Buffalo Gun (film), a 1961 American western film