Wikipedia

7 World Trade Center

(Redirected from Building 7)
This article is about the current building on the site completed in 2006. For the original structure destroyed on September 11, 2001, see 7 World Trade Center (1987–2001).

7 World Trade Center (7 WTC, WTC-7, or Tower 7) is an office building constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on a city block bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. 7 World Trade Center was developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

7 World Trade Center
The glass facade of 7 World Trade Center, a skyscraper in New York's World Trade Center
7 World Trade Center nearing completion, January 2006
Map
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice
Location250 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City 10006, United States
Coordinates40°42′48″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7133°N 74.0120°W / 40.7133; -74.0120
Construction startedMay 7, 2002[1]
Completed2006
OpenedMay 23, 2006
Height
Architectural743 ft (226 m)[2]
Roof741 ft (226 m)[3]
Top floor679 ft (207 m)[2]
Technical details
Floor count52[3][4]
Floor area1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m2)[2]
Lifts/elevators29[2]
Design and construction
Architect(s)David Childs of SOM[2]
DeveloperSilverstein Properties[2][4]
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)[2]
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk[2]
Main contractorTishman Construction
Website
7 World Trade Center, wtc.com
References
[2]

The building was constructed to replace the original structure on the site, part of the original World Trade Center. The previous structure, completed in 1987, was destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001. Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed on May 23, 2006. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 64th-tallest in New York.[2] It is built on a smaller footprint than the original; a small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint.

The current building's design emphasizes safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing on steel columns. It also incorporates numerous green design features. The building received the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification and was part of the council's pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS).[5]

History

edit

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story skyscraper with a red granite facade.[6][7] It opened in 1987 as part of the original World Trade Center building complex.[8] The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks caused the collapse of the World Trade Center; falling debris from the collapsing 110-story Twin Towers destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, which collapsed shortly thereafter.[9]

 
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild

Construction

edit
 
7 World Trade Center construction in October 2004

The construction phase of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002, with the installation of a fence around the construction site.[1] Restoring the Consolidated Edison substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan; the utility stated that it needed to replace four of the ten destroyed transformers by 2003.[10] Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval only from the landowner, the Port Authority, before he could rebuild the tower.[11] Construction of the power substation was completed in October 2003,[12] and the substation went into service in May 2004.[13]

Work next proceeded on the office tower itself. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.[12] By July 2005, American Express Financial Advisors was planning to lease 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of space, making it the building's first tenant.[14][15] Although Silverstein intended for the building's design to attract tenants, he wanted occupants to pay $50/sq ft ($540/m2) to lease space by 2005, which New York magazine called "easily the highest price in lower Manhattan".[16]

Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[17] Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the old building, he owed more than $400 million on its mortgage.[18] Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.[19]

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m2) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[20] At the center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created a 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) stainless steel sculpture called Balloon Flower (Red).[21]

Completion and early years

edit

2000s

edit

The building was officially opened on May 23, 2006.[22] The opening was marked by a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega, Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed.[23][24] Prior to its opening, in March 2006, the new building was used as a filming location for the movie Perfect Stranger.[25]

The building was 10 percent leased by August 2006.[26] Several of the unoccupied upper floors were used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.[27] From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation,[28] on the 45th floor of 7 World Trade Center.[29] The exhibit consisted of 63 photographs that captured Americans' responses after the September 11 attacks.[30][31]

In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-year lease for 15 floors at 7 World Trade Center;[32][33] prior to Moody's lease, only eight floors had been occupied.[33] Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade Center in its first two years included ABN AMRO,[34] Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[24] DRW Trading Group,[35] publisher Mansueto Ventures,[36][37] and the New York Academy of Sciences.[37][24] Silverstein Properties also had offices[22] and the Silver Suites executive office suites at 7 World Trade Center.[38] Architectural and engineering firms working on 1 World Trade Center, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street also set up offices in the building.[39] Two-thirds of the building's office space had been leased by April 2007.[35] After ABN AMRO was acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland, forex services provider FXDD subleased some of the Royal Bank of Scotland's space in 2009.[40]

2010s to present

edit

The law firm WilmerHale signed 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) at the building in April 2011.[41] The building became fully leased that September after MSCI agreed to occupy 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) on the top floor;[42][43] other tenants at the time included FXDD, WilmerHale, and the bank WestLB.[44] Following this, Silverstein announced in 2012 that he would refinance the building with a $452.8 million Liberty bond issue and a $125 million commercial mortgage-backed security loan.[45][46] At the time, the building was valued at $940 million, in large part because it was fully occupied.[46] FXDD subleased its space to engineering company Permasteelisa in 2015[47] and artificial intelligence firm IPsoft in 2016.[48] The building was 94.8 percent occupied by 2017. By then, roughly three-quarters of the space was occupied by four tenants, including Moody's, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and WilmerHale.[49]

Wedding planning company Zola[50] and the building's own architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill both leased space at 7 WTC in early 2019.[51] This was followed in July 2019 by luxury drink brand Moët Hennessy[52][53] and media company AccuWeather.[53] After Mansueto Ventures and three other firms leased space at 7 WTC in April 2022, the building was 97 percent occupied.[54][55] Shortly afterward, Silverstein Properties refinanced the property with a $458 million loan from Goldman Sachs.[55][56][57]

 
7 World Trade Center looking from the southwest in 2008.

Architecture

edit

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft (226 m) tall.[58] The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1.7 million sq ft (160,000 m2) of office space.[59] The first ten floors house an electrical substation which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than did its predecessor, so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District. The original building, on the other hand, had bordered West Broadway on the east, necessitating the destruction of Greenwich Street between Barclay Street and the northern border of the World Trade Center superblock.[10]

Facade

edit
 
The new 7 World Trade Center from the ground

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light.[17][60] There are stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.[17] The spandrels are textured and are curved in a manner that reflects light both from each story's window sills and from the sky.[60] On the lower stories, there are 15-by-5-foot (4.6 by 1.5 m) panels with steel triangular prisms. There are 130,000 prisms in total, which are tilted at different angles to reflect natural light from the sky. The window panes on the upper floors are 13.6 feet (4.1 m) high and are made of white glass with low concentrations of iron.[60] Stainless steel used in the facade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.[61]

The new 7 World Trade Center was built above the Con Edison substation.[13][62] When the current building was constructed, the transformer vaults were rearranged into an 80-foot-tall (24 m) shell at the building's base.[13] To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation for the machinery.[63] The transformers each weigh 168 short tons (150 long tons; 152 t) and are 20 feet (6.1 m) tall. There are also radiators with vertical cooling blades facing the street, which in turn cool down the transformers.[13]

There is a cable-net glass wall on the eastern elevation of the facade, just above the Greenwich Street entrance.[64] This cable-net wall measures 50 by 110 feet (15 by 34 m) across.[62] During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it is illuminated by blue and white LED lights.[60][65] The curtain wall has 220,000 LEDs; at night, the prisms on the facade reflect light from each LED onto the street.[60] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[66] At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk, it transitions to violet and back to blue.[67]

Features

edit
 
New York Academy of Sciences office space on the 40th floor

Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created an LED installation[16][64][68] with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.[17] The wall measures 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) tall. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation.[68] The wall of the lobby is structurally fortified as a security measure.[68] On the upper stories, some tenants customized the design of their spaces. The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures was designed to maximize natural light exposure and has an open floor plan.[69] The 40th-floor space used by the New York Academy of Sciences was designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture and includes a reception lobby with an openwork screen; a 296-seat event room; and a horizontal 72-foot-long (22 m) mural.[37]

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators to reduce dwell times and travel times.[70] After pressing their destination floor number on a keypad in the lobby, passengers are directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor; the elevator cabs do not contain buttons. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby key-card system, which can identify the floor on which an employee works, then automatically call an elevator for that floor.[71]

WSP Cantor Seinuk served as structural engineer on the project, while Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.[72] Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.[73] Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[17] Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.[74]

The building was promoted as one of the safest skyscrapers in the U.S. upon its completion[75] According to Silverstein Properties, it "incorporate[s] a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction."[76] The building has 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts.[77] The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.[77]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "7 World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  3. ^ a b 7 World Trade Center Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
  4. ^ a b See: * Building Tenants Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Silverstein Properties *
  5. ^ "About the WTC". Wtc.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  6. ^ Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 13.
  7. ^ "Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ "History of the World Trade Center". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  9. ^ Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (February 12, 2002). "Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Dunlap, David W (April 11, 2002). "21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  11. ^ Bagli, Charles V (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  12. ^ a b Post, Nadine M (September 12, 2005). "Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations". Engineering News Record. Archived from the original on December 10, 2005. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  13. ^ a b c d Dunlap, David W. (May 25, 2004). "A New Source Of Power Rises Over Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  14. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (July 26, 2005). "7 World Trade Center Is Said to Be Close to Signing Its First Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  15. ^ Lisberg, Adam (July 25, 2005). "AMEX IS ON WAY TO 7 WTC. It'll be first real tenant". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Kolker, Robert (April 8, 2005). "The Building Everyone Will Date But No One Will Marry". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  18. ^ Herman, Eric (May 31, 2002). "No Tenants for New 7 WTC, Construction to Begin with Financing in Doubt". Daily News (New York).
  19. ^ Pristin, Terry (July 12, 2006). "A Pot of Tax-Free Bonds for Post-9/11 Projects Is Empty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  20. ^ Collins, Glenn (July–August 2006). "A Prism with Prose — Seven World Trade Center". Update Unbound. New York Academy of Science. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  21. ^ Dunlap, David W (May 24, 2006). "Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  22. ^ a b Stevenson, Peter (May 23, 2006). "Building Opens At 7 World Trade Center". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  23. ^ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  24. ^ a b c Westfeldt, Amy (May 23, 2006). "First Rebuilt Skyscraper at WTC Opens". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  25. ^ "Under Cover, Tower 7 is no 'Stranger' to fame". Downtown Express. March 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  26. ^ Spitz, Rebecca (August 31, 2006). "9/11: Five Years Later: 7 World Trade Open For Business, Lacking Tenants". NY1 News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  27. ^ Birkner, Gabrielle (May 14, 2007). "The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center". New York Sun. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  28. ^ Turner, Kay; Merrill, James (2009). "September 11: The Burden of the Ephemeral". Western Folklore. 68 (2/3): 197–198. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 40600535. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  29. ^ Lipton, Jeff (September 7, 2006). "9/11 museum takes shapeFormer Five Towner leads creation of memorial". Herald Community Newspapers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  30. ^ "Two Photo Exhibits Open Near WTC Site". The Denver Post. The Associated Press. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  31. ^ Davis, Nicole (August 31, 2006). "Moving on, despite the pull of the past, at 9/11 exhibit". amNewYork. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  32. ^ See:
    "Moody's signs on dotted line at 7WTC". Real Estate Weekly. September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
    "Pricey Midtown Rents Mean Big Tenant for 7 WTC". Gothamist. June 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  33. ^ a b Bagli, Charles V. (June 20, 2006). "7 World Trade Center Gets a Major Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  34. ^ Pristin, Terry (February 28, 2007). "Lower Manhattan: A Relative Bargain but Filling Up Fast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  35. ^ a b "7 World Trade Snags Two New Leases". Observer. April 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  36. ^ Sosnowski, Tom (July 26, 2006). "7 WTC Inks Mansueto to 40,000 SF". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  37. ^ a b c Dunlap, David W. (October 30, 2006). "For Science Academy, Move to World Trade Center Is Like Going Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  38. ^ Levere, Jane (January 29, 2013). "Seeing Big Promise in Manhattan Corporate Apartments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  39. ^ See:
    Dunlap, David W (January 25, 2007). "What a View to Behold, And It's Really Something". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
    Dunlap, David W (January 18, 2007). "Behind the Scenes, Three Towers Take Shape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  40. ^ Geminder, Emily (November 30, 2009). "Midtown, Schmidtown! Currency Trader FXDD Subleases 40K Feet in 7 WTC". Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  41. ^ Colvin, Jill (April 5, 2011). "Law Firm Signs City's First 'Green Lease' for 7 World Trade Center". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  42. ^ Chaban, Matt (September 19, 2011). "Zero Ground: 7 World Trade Center Now Fully Leased". Observer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  43. ^ "7 World Trade Center Skyscraper Fully Leased". NBC New York. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  44. ^ "7 WTC fully leased as MSCI signs for 125,000 square feet". The Real Deal. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  45. ^ Hlavenka, Jacqueline (March 19, 2012). "Silverstein To Refinance $577M in Bonds at 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  46. ^ a b Brown, Eliot (March 19, 2012). "For Silverstein, Time to Celebrate". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  47. ^ Santani, Hitem (March 4, 2015). "A firm key to the rebuilding of 7WTC will now call it home". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  48. ^ Cullen, Terence (June 9, 2016). "Artificial Intelligence Company IPsoft Takes 27K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  49. ^ Gourarie, Chava (December 1, 2017). "Fitch upgrades CMBS debt on 7 WTC". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  50. ^ Kim, Betsy (January 17, 2019). "Zola Gets Hitched to 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  51. ^ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (May 6, 2019). "Architecture Firm SOM Nails Down 80K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  52. ^ Rizzi, Nicholas (July 2, 2019). "Moët Hennessy Ditching Chelsea for 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  53. ^ a b "Itʼs raining deals at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  54. ^ Young, Celia (April 7, 2022). "Publisher, Investment Manager Each Take 40K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  55. ^ a b "Silverstein Properties signs four leases at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. April 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  56. ^ "Silverstein Scores $458M Refinancing at 7 World Trade Center". The Real Deal New York. April 7, 2022. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  57. ^ Morphy, Erika (April 7, 2022). "7 World Trade Center Lands 104k-SF in Leases; Secures $457.5M Refi". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  58. ^ See:
    "7 World Trade Center". World Trade Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
    Ramirez, Anthony (September 30, 2004). "Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  59. ^ "Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  60. ^ a b c d e Collins, Glenn (June 27, 2005). "Built to Be Noticed, and to Return the Favor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  61. ^ Houska, Catherine (January 2004). "New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316 Stainless Steel". International Molybdenum Association News Letter: 4–6.
  62. ^ a b Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (2009). Architecture of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1997-2008. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-58093-224-0. OCLC 299708729.
  63. ^ Blum, Andrew (March 28, 2006). "A World of Light and Glass". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  64. ^ a b Hill, John (2011). Guide To Contemporary New York City Architecture. Architecture / regional. WW Norton. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-393-73326-6. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  65. ^ Marpillero, Sandro; Frampton, Kenneth; Schlaich, Jorg (2006). James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 55–70. ISBN 1-56898-608-4.
  66. ^ Garmhausen, Steve (November 16, 2004). "Curtain (Wall) Time". Slatin Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2005.
  67. ^ "7 World Trade Center — Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting". Architectural Lighting Magazine. July 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  68. ^ a b c Collins, Glenn (March 6, 2006). "At Ground Zero, Accord Brings a Work of Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  69. ^ Wilson, Claire (May 13, 2007). "An Open, Sunlit Space At 7 World Trade Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  70. ^ Angwin, Julia (November 19, 2006). "No-button elevators take orders in lobby". Charleston Gazette (West Virginia).
  71. ^ Kretkowski, Paul (March 2007). "First Up". ARCHI-TECH. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  72. ^ NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. November 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  73. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  74. ^ DePalma, Anthony (January 20, 2004). "At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  75. ^ "Downtown Construction and Building Information". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  76. ^ "Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7 World Trade Center" (Press release). Silverstein Properties. September 28, 2004.
  77. ^ a b Reiss, Matthew (March 2003). "Shortcuts to Safety". Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 7 World Trade Center (2006).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7_World_Trade_Center&oldid=1251217808"