Bulu is a Bantu language of the Bulu people of Cameroon. The language had 174,000 native speakers in 1982, with some 800,000 second language speakers in 1991. Its dialects include Bene, Yelinda, Yembana, Yengono, and Zaman. Bulu was formerly used by colonial and missionary groups as a lingua franca in the region for commercial, educational, and religious purposes, though it is today becoming less frequent in those spheres.
| Bulu | |
|---|---|
| Bulu-Bene | |
| Bulu (Nkobô Bulu) | |
| Region | Cameroon |
| Ethnicity | Bulu people |
Native speakers | 860,000 (2007)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bum |
| Glottolog | bulu1251 |
A.74[2] | |
Bulu belongs to the group of Beti languages and is intelligible with Eton, Ewondo, and Fang.
Distribution
editBulu speakers are concentrated primarily in Cameroon's South Province, with the largest number at Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Some speakers live in the Nyong-et-Mfoumou division of the Centre and the Haut-Nyong division of the East.
According to ALCAM (2012), Bulu is spoken in the departments of Mvila and Dja-et-Lobo (Southern Region), and also the south of the department of Haute-Sanaga (Central Region) where the Yezum dialect of Ewondo is also spoken. Along with the Yébékóló and Omvan languages, it is also spoken in the north of Nyong-et-Mfoumou department (Central Region) and part of Haut-Nyong department (south of Nguelemendouka commune, Eastern Region).[3]
Phonology
editHere is the phonological inventory of Bulu.[4][5]
Consonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | kp | kpʷ | |||
| voiced | dʒ | ɡb | ɡbʷ | ||||
| prenasalized voiceless | ᵑkp | ᵑkpʷ | |||||
| prenasalied voiced | ᵑɡb | ᵑɡbʷ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| prenasalized | ᶬv | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
Vowels/Nasals
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
| Close-mid | e ẽ | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
| Open | a ã |
Writing system
editThe Bulu language was codified by the first Presbyterian missionaries who arrived in Cameroon. They made it a language of instruction in Protestant doctrine during the colonial era. This language has a dictionary (French-Bulu/Bulu-French) one of whose authors is Moïse Eyinga. The first novel written in Boulou is Nnanga Kôn.
EPC Alphabet
editThe Bulu alphabet of the Presbyterian Church of Cameroon consists of 24 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, s, t, u, v, w, y, z. é and è are variants of e in this alphabet.
PROPELCA alphabet
editPROPELCA has also coded Bulu with an alphabet based on the General Alphabet of Cameroonian Languages.
| Uppercase | A | B | C | D | E | Ə | F | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | NY | O | Ɔ | S | T | U | V | Y | Z | ʼ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase | a | b | c | d | e | ə | f | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | ny | o | ɔ | s | t | u | v | y | z | ʼ |
References
edit- ^ Bulu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ Abomo-Maurin, Marie-Rose (2006). Parlons boulou: Langue bantou du Cameroun. L'Harmattan.
- ^ Ndi, Germaine Télesphore (2001). Esquisse d'une Analyse Syntactique de la Phrase Búlù: Approche Générative. Université de Yaoundé.
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