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Bun Chanmol (Khmer: ប៊ុណ្ណ ចន្ទម៉ុល) was a Cambodian political activist and writer who was executed by the Khmer Rouge after the fall of Phnom Penh. According to political scientist Sorpong Peou, his best-selling political pamphlet, Charret Khmer (Khmer: ចរិតខ្មែរ, 'The Khmer character'), is "perhaps the most widely read book among Cambodians".[1]
Bun Chanmol | |
|---|---|
ប៊ុណ្ណ ចន្ទម៉ុល | |
| Born | 1921 |
| Died | 1975 |
| Occupation(s) | Political activist, writer |
| Notable work | Political Prison (1972) Charret Khmer (1973) |
Biography
editThe youngest prisoner after the Umbrella Revolution
editBun Chanmol was born in Cambodia in 1921 close to the Royal Palace as the fourth son of the district governor of Ta Khmau. In 1934, at age 13, he was sent by his family to join the Buddhist monkhood at Wat Langka under the modernist abbot Lvea Em.
In 1940, he left the monkhood to start boxing and became one of the top fights of Khmer bokator. After taking part in the Umbrella Revolution led by Son Ngoc Thanh against the French protectorate in Phnom Penh in 1942, he was the youngest prisoner at age 22 sent along with all monks such as Hem Chieu and other political activists to Con Son Prison, which housed thousands of convicts from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. There he became famous by being victorious in kickboxing tournaments organized by the prison wards. They were liberated by the Japanese forces in January 1945, after Hiem Chieu passed away from dysentery.[2]
Cofounder of the Khmer Issarak and royalist nationalist
editAs he returned to Cambodia, his nationalist spirit was unaltered; even more, it was inflamed. He started publishing the Nokor Wat newspaper again. After the Japanese capitulation In 1945, he co-founded the Khmer Issarak, an anti-French movement. Yet, after, the French troops arrested Son Ngoc Thanh, on 16 October 1945, Bun Chanmol feared for his life. Therefore, Chanmol fled to live with an uncle in the Pok family and he was married with a bride from the House of Abhaiwongse in Battambang which was part of the strategy of marital alliances of this old Thai dynasty to keep control over the Northwest of Cambodia. At the same time, as a disciple of non-violence, he rejected the guerilla methods of the Khmer Issarak and quickly parted with their politburo.
In 1951, he became a member of former Prime Minister Ieu Koeus's Democratic Party. At that time, Bun Chanmol reconnected with the descendants of Thiounn, who had also been removed from the inner circle of the Royal Palace by King Sihanouk. His little, Bunchan Moly sister was married to Thiounn Hol, who father Thiounn Mumm and others important Khmer rouge cadres. Disgruntled by this opposition, King Norodom Sihanouk dissolved the parliament in 1953. After a meeting with Sihanouk, despite having the King's assurance that they would be safe, Bun Chanmol and other members of the Democratic party were brutalized, stones were thrown at them resulting in bruises and injuries.[3]
Writer and propagandist of nationalist ideology until the last day of the Khmer Republic
editIn September 1970, along with So Nem, former minister of national education in Cambodia, he led a delegation of Cambodian Buddhists delegates to a meeting in Korea. There, Bun Chanmol redacted an appeal made by the Buddhist association of Cambodia concerning the aggression committed by Vietcong North Vietnamese forces against Cambodia which was maintaining a neutral policy until the coup d'état of 1970. In the new Khmer Republic, Bun Chanmol worked under Lon Nol as an undersecretary of propaganda and religion.
In 1972, he published his autobiography, Political Prison, which was an immediate bestseller. Three months after the book first came out, a new edition was already in print.[4] In 1973, he published another book which was a political essay about the moral decay and necessary renewal of the Khmer character.
As many influential intellectuals in his generation, he was among the first people executed in April 1975 when the Khmers Rouges entered Phnom Penh and imposed the regime of terror and plunder.
Legacy: defining the Khmer character
editA Khmer does not want any others other than himself to become more popular and cannot trust anyone else enough to let the latter soar higher than himself. He must be the supreme leader who stands over and above everyone else.
— Bun Chanmol, The Khmer Character[5]
Bun Chanmol's 1972 autobiography entitled Political Prison has become a classic of the canonical literature of post-war Cambodia. His bestseller was followed by another book about The Khmer Character. He wanted to rekindle the spirit of "Khmer Builders of Angkor" and "Khmer Breed of Angkor Warriors" for the future of Cambodia With lasting peace and prosperity for all Cambodians.[6] He was particularly critical of figures such as the blood-thirsty governor of Siem Reap, Dap Chhuon. However, some have seen his criticism as damning judgement on Khmer character: "Bun Chanmol reflects on the deep-seated mistrust that had marked leadership throughout Khmer history."[7] He laments on the "bestial nature and divisions of the Khmer Issarak liberation movement."[8] Thus, some have concluded that there is nothing specific about the Khmer character in his book and that it only expresses his own resentment.[9] His Khmer nationalism was also tainted with a strong anti-Vietnamese sentiment. In fact, he considered that "Yuon [Vietnamese] supported Sihanouk in order to conquer the remaining Cambodian territory and destroy the Khmer race".[10] His role in the nationalist movement was praised by his relative and Khmer historian Bun Than in his 1995 book Pravat Nak Tasou Khmer (The History of Khmer Heroes). Thereafter, his analysis of the corruption of the Khmer character during the Cambodian Civil War and the necessity to return to the heroic character of past heroes of Cambodia inspired Hun Sen who recommended that the book be printed and read again in 1995[11] and it continues to inspire younger Khmer generations in the third millennium.[12]
References
edit- ^ Stedman, Stephen John; Rothchild, Donald S.; Rothchild, Donald; Cousens, Elizabeth M. (2002). Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-58826-083-3.
- ^ Taing, Rinith (2018-10-12). "Almost Forgotten: Cambodia's Anti-Colonial Nationalists". Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
- ^ Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 71. ISBN 978-981-230-042-3.
- ^ Taing, Rinith (2019-07-18). "The Forgotten Jailbird Champion". Khmer Times. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
- ^ Morada, Noel M. (1999). Post-1998 Cambodia: From Jungle War Politics to Politics of Accommodation?. Center for Integrative and Development Studies, University of the Philippines. p. 19.
- ^ Sim, Virak (2019-01-10). "ចរិតខ្មែរ". Post Khmer (in Khmer). Retrieved 2022-09-06.
- ^ Galway, Matthew (2022). The Emergence of Global Maoism: China's Red Evangelism and the Cambodian Communist Movement, 1949–1979. Cornell University Press. pp. 155–199. ISBN 978-1-5017-6184-3. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv1k13b2n.
- ^ Stedman, Stephen John; Rothchild, Donald S.; Rothchild, Donald; Cousens, Elizabeth M. (2002). Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-58826-083-3.
- ^ Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 29. ISBN 978-981-230-042-3.
- ^ Keo, Duoung (2012). Nationalism and Mass Killing. the Khmer Rouge Extreme Nationalism Against Vietnam (PDF). Siem Reap: Center for Khmer Studies. p. 5.
- ^ Daily Report: East Asia. The Service. 1995.
- ^ Thoof, Providence (2017). "Found My Life Goal by Tho - May 2017 Scholarship Essay". Varsity Tutors. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
Bibliography
edit- Mol, Bunchan; Taing, Rinith (2021). "From Political Prison". Manoa. 34 (1): 205–211. doi:10.1353/man.2021.0061. S2CID 250437699.