The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\.
| Voiced velar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɰ | |||
| IPA Number | 154 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɰ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0270 | ||
| X-SAMPA | M\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The consonant is absent in English, but may be approximated by making [ɡ] but with the tongue body lowered or [w] but with the lips apart. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel [ɯ]. ⟨ɰ⟩ and ⟨ɯ̯⟩ with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
In some languages, such as Spanish, the voiced velar approximant is an allophone of /g/ – see below.
The symbol for the velar approximant originates from ⟨ɯ⟩, but with a vertical line. Compare ⟨u⟩ and ⟨ɥ⟩ for the labio-palatal approximant.
Features
editFeatures of the voiced velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of [ɰ] from the [ɯ] vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aragonese[1] | caixigo | [kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞] | 'oak tree' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/. | |
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | [example needed] | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/. | ||
| Extremaduran | [example needed] | ||||
| Leonese | [example needed] | ||||
| Mirandese | [example needed] | ||||
| Catalan[2][3] | aigua | [ˈajɣ̞wə] | 'water' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.[2][3] See Catalan phonology | |
| Cherokee | ᏩᏥ wa-tsi | [ɰad͡ʒi] | 'watch' | Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ | |
| Danish | Older speakers[4] | talg | [ˈtsʰalˀɣ̞] | 'tallow' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative [ɣ].[4] Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [w] or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.[5] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Western East Flemish[6] | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative [ɣ] in other dialects.[6] | |||
| French | Belgian[7] | ara | [aɣ̞a] | 'macaw' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Intervocalic, word-internal allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers.[7] See French phonology |
| Galician[8] | auga | [ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ] | 'water' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.[8] See Galician phonology | |
| Greek | Cypriot[9] | μαγαζί | [maɰaˈzi] | 'shop' | Allophone of /ɣ/. |
| Guarani | gotyo | [ɰoˈtɨo] | 'near, close to' | Contrasts with [w] | |
| Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense[10] | [adʒaˈɰa] | 'I cut' | Contrasts with [ɡ].[10] | ||
| Hiw | ter̄og | [təɡ͡ʟɔɣ̞] | 'peace' | Contrasts with /w/ and with /ɡ͡ʟ/.[11] | |
| Ibibio[12] | ufokọ | [úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞] | [translation needed] | Intervocalic allophone of /k/; may be a uvular tap [ɢ̆] instead.[12] | |
| Icelandic | saga | [ˈs̺äːɣ̞ä] | 'saga' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | naoi | [n̪ˠɰiː] | 'nine' | Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology | |
| Korean | 의사 / uisa | [ɰisɐ] | 'doctor' | Occurs only before /i/. See Korean phonology | |
| Mwotlap | haghag | [haɣ̞haɣ̞] | 'sit' | Contrasts with [w].[13] | |
| Shipibo[14] | igi | [i̞ɣ̞i̞] | [translation needed] | Unspecified for rounding; varies between an approximant and a fricative. Allophone of /k/ in certain high-frequency morphemes.[14] | |
| Spanish[15] | pagar | 'to pay' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.[15] See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[16] | agronom | [äɣ̞ɾʊˈn̪oːm] | 'agronomist' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | igriega | [iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɣ̞ɐ] | 'y (letter)' | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/. See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tiwi | ngaga | [ˈŋaɰa] | 'we (inclusive)' | ||
| Vietnamese | Southern | gà | [ɣ̞a:˨˩] | 'chicken' | Typical realization of /ɡɣ/ or /ɣ/ in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels. |
Pre-velar
edit| Voiced pre-velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɰ˖ | |
| j˗ | |
| ɨ̯ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | j- |
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish[17] | seguir | 'to follow' | Approximant consonant. Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;[17] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Turkish | Standard prescriptive[18] | düğün | [ˈd̪y̠jy̠n̪] | 'marriage' | Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.[18] See Turkish phonology |
Voiced velar bunched approximant
edit| Voiced velar bunched approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̈ | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\_" |
Some languages have a velar approximant that is produced with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum and simultaneous pharyngealization. This gives rise to a type of retroflex resonance resembling [ɻ].[19] The extension to the IPA recommends the use of the "centralized" diacritic combined with the IPA sign for the alveolar approximant (as in ⟨ɹ̈⟩) to distinguish the bunched realization from the prototypical apical [ɹ], which may be specified as ⟨ɹ̺⟩. Typically, the diacritic is omitted, so that the sound is transcribed simply with ⟨ɹ⟩ or ⟨ɻ⟩ (in broader transcriptions: ⟨r⟩), as if it were a coronal consonant. Just as [ɣ̞] described below, the velar bunched approximant is not specified for rounding.
In Dutch, this type of r is called Gooise r [ˌɣoːisə ˈʔɛr] 'Gooi r'. It is named after het Gooi, a region of the Netherlands where Hilversum (the main centre for television and radio broadcasting) is located.
Features
editFeatures of the voiced velar bunched approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The body of the tongue is bunched up at the velum, rather than just approaching it as it is the case with the prototypical velar approximant.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Randstad varieties[19] | maar | [ˈmaːɹ̈] | 'but' | Pre-velar. Common allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with [w]. The bunching and pharyngealization may be lost in connected speech, resulting in a semivowel such as [j] or [ə̯].[20] See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Northern[19] | Pre-velar. Common allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with [w].[19] See Dutch phonology | ||||
| English | American[21] | red | [ɹ̈ʷɛd] | 'red' | Labialized approximant consonant. Possible realization of /r/. Contrasts with /w/.[21] See Pronunciation of English /r/ |
| Received Pronunciation[21] | curious | [ˈkj̊ʊːɹ̈iəs] | 'curious' | Approximant consonant, may be labialized. Possible allophone of /r/ before front vowels. Contrasts with /w/.[21] See Pronunciation of English /r/ | |
Relation with [ɡ] and [ɣ]
editSome languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either [ɯ] or its rounded counterpart [u]. Examples of such languages are Catalan, Galician and Spanish, in which the approximant consonant (not semivowel) unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of /ɡ/.[8]
Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows:[22]
As for the symbol ⟨ɰ⟩, it is quite evidently inappropriate for representing the Spanish voiced velar approximant consonant. Many authors have pointed out the fact that [ɰ] is not rounded; for example, Pullum & Ladusaw (1986:98) state that 'the sound in question can be described as a semi-vowel (glide) with the properties "high", "back", and "unrounded"'. They even establish an interesting parallelism: 'the sound can be regarded as an unrounded [w]'. It is evident, then, that ⟨ɰ⟩ is not an adequate symbol for Spanish. First of all, because it has never been taken into consideration that there is a diphthong in words like paga 'pay', vago 'lazy', lego 'lay', etc., and, secondly, because this sound is rounded when it precedes rounded vowels. Besides, it would be utterly wrong to transcribe the word jugo 'juice' with ⟨ɰ⟩ *[ˈχuɰo], because the pronunciation of that consonant between two rounded vowels is completely rounded whereas [ɰ] is not. [...]
The symbol I have always proposed is ⟨ɣ̞⟩, the correlate to the other central approximants in Spanish, [β̞ ð̞] (Martínez Celdrán 1991, 1996:47). This coincides with Ball & Rahilly (1999:90), whose example for the three approximants is the Spanish word abogado 'lawyer'[...]. Ball & Rahilly too criticise in a footnote the confusion between these symbols: 'The difference between an approximant version of the voiced velar fricative [ɣ], and the velar semi-vowel [ɰ] is that the latter requires spread lips, and must have a slightly more open articulatory channel so that it becomes [ɯ] if prolonged' (p. 189, fn. 1).
There is a parallel problem with transcribing the palatal approximant.
The symbol ⟨ɣ̞⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ɣ˕⟩ should be substituted. In broader transcriptions,[23] the lowering diacritic may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered ⟨ɣ⟩, i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Mott (2007), pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
- ^ a b Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 204.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 123.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 211–212.
- ^ a b Taeldeman (1979).
- ^ a b Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 71.
- ^ a b c Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 203–204.
- ^ Arvaniti (1999), p. 174.
- ^ a b Costa (2012), p. 78.
- ^ François (2010), pp. 397–400.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ François (2001), p. 60.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ^ a b Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 202–204.
- ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
- ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ a b c d Collins & Mees (2003), p. 200.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 200–1.
- ^ a b c d Cruttenden (2014), pp. 225–6.
- ^ Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 202–203.
- ^ See e.g. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992).
References
edit- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178, doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X, S2CID 163926812
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/s0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Costa, Consuelo de Paiva Godinho (2012). "Fonologia do Nhandewa-Guarani Paulista-Paranaense". LIAMES (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 (1): 75–97. doi:10.20396/liames.v3i1.1414.
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Demolin, Didier (2001). "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 61–73. ISSN 0777-3692.
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- François, Alexandre (2001), Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu (in French), Paris: PhD dissertation, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne, p. 1078.
- François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment" (PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/S0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417.
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679
- Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842, hdl:2445/49131
- Taeldeman, Johan (1979), "Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht", Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21