Burum (also known as Yaknge or Somba-Siawari after its two dialects and Mindik in the language itself) is a Papuan language spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Its closest related language is Borong (also known as Kosorong).[2]
| Burum | |
|---|---|
| Mindik | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Huon Peninsula, Morobe Province |
Native speakers | 9,000 (2000 census)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bmu |
| Glottolog | buru1306 |
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive | unvoiced | p | t | k | kʷ | |
| voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | ||
| Affricate | unvoiced | ts | ||||
| voiced | dz | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | ɣ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||
- /p, t, k/ are aspirated word initially and unreleased word finally. Between vowels, they are /w, r, h/.[4]
- /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are rarely [kp], [gb] in some dialects.[4]
- /ɣ/ is [h] word initially.[4]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | ɑ |
Burum also has 14 diphthongs: /iɑ/, /iu/, /ei/, /eu/, /əi/, /əu/, /oi/, /oe/, /ou/, /ɑi/, /ɑu/, /ui/, /ue/, and /uɑ/.[6]
Orthography
edit| Uppercase letters | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W | Gw | Y | Z | Ö |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase letters | a | b | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | w | gw | y | z | ö |
| IPA | /ɑ/ | /b/ | /d/ | /e/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | /ɣ/ | /i/ | /dz/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /p/ | /kʷ/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /w/ | /gʷ/ | /j/ | /t͡s/ | /ə/ |
Notes
edit- ^ Burum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Usher.
- ^ a b Olkkonen 1994, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e Olkkonen 1994, p. 4.
- ^ Olkkonen 1994, p. 2.
- ^ Olkkonen 1994, p. 3.
References
edit- Usher, Timothy. "Bulum River". newguineaworld. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
- Olkkonen, Soini (1994). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Further reading
edit- Olkkonen, Kaija; Olkkonen, Soini (2007). Somba-Siawari (Burum Mindik)—English dictionary (in bmu, kmg, and English).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Olkkonen, Soini (1990) [1986]. The Clitics of the Somba-Siawari Language (PDF). 2nd International Conference on Papuan Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
- "Burum-Mindik Swadesh List".