Insects have found uses in art, as in other aspects of culture, both symbolically and physically, from ancient times. Artforms include the direct usage of beetlewing (elytra) in paintings, textiles, and jewellery, as well as the representation of insects in fine arts such as paintings and sculpture. Insects have sometimes formed characteristic features of artforms, as in Art Nouveau jewellery.
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Insect groups represented in art include bees, beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, and dragonflies.
Overview
editSocieties across the world have from ancient to modern times used the shapes and colours of insects, and sometimes their actual bodies, in their art, whether jewellery or ceramics, body painting or textiles, paintings or sculptures. In North America, the Navajo make symbolic sandpaintings of blowflies, cicadas, corn bugs and dragonflies. The Hopi draw a variety of insects, but especially butterflies, on pottery. In other parts of the world, insects, most often honeybees, are shown in ancient rock art. Australian Aborigines often represented totemic insects in cave paintings and ritual objects. The art of cultures as widely separated as Ancient Greece, China and Japan includes bees, butterflies, crickets, cicadas and dragonflies.[1]
Insect groups
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Bees
editA recurrent theme for ancient cultures in Europe and the Near East was the sacred image of a bee or human with insect features. Often referred to as the bee "goddess", these images were found in gems and stones. An onyx gem from Knossos (ancient Crete) dating to approximately 1500 BC illustrates a Bee goddess with bull horns above her head. In this instance, the figure is surrounded by dogs with wings, most likely representing Hecate and Artemis - gods of the underworld, similar to the Egyptian gods Akeu and Anubis.[2]
In 2011, the artist Anna Collette created over 10,000 ceramic insects at Nottingham Castle for her work "Stirring the Swarm."[3][4]
Beetles
editBeetlewing art is an ancient craft technique using iridescent beetle wing cases (elytra), practised traditionally in Thailand, Myanmar, India, China and Japan, as well as Africa and South America. Beetlewing pieces are used as an adornment to paintings, textiles and jewellery. Different species of metallic wood-boring beetle wings were used depending on the region, but traditionally the most valued were the brilliant green wing cases of jewel beetles in the genus Sternocera (Buprestidae). In Thailand, beetlewings were used to decorate clothing (shawls and Sabai cloth) and jewellery in court circles.[1]
The Canadian entomologist C.H. Curran's 1945 book, Insects of the Pacific World, noted women from India and Sri Lanka, who kept 1 1/2 inch long, iridescent greenish coppery beetles of the species Chrysochroa ocellata as pets. These living jewels were worn on festive occasions, probably with a small chain attached to one leg anchored to the clothing to prevent escape. Afterwards, the insects were bathed, fed, and housed in decorative cages. Living jeweled beetles have also been worn and kept as pets in Mexico.[5]
Butterflies
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Butterflies have long inspired humans with their life cycle, colour, and ornate patterns. The novelist Vladimir Nabokov was also a renowned butterfly expert. He published and illustrated many butterfly species, stating:
"I discovered in nature the nonutilitarian delights that I sought in art. Both were a form of magic, both were games of intricate enchantment and deception."[6]
It was the aesthetic complexity of insects that led Nabokov to reject natural selection.[7][8]
The naturalist Ian MacRae writes of butterflies:
". . . the animal is at once awkward, flimsy, strange, bouncy in flight, yet beautiful and immensely sympathetic; it is painfully transient, albeit capable of extreme migrations and transformations. Images and phrases such as "kaleidoscopic instabilities," "oxymoron of similarities," "rebellious rainbows," "visible darkness" and "souls of stone" have much in common.They bring together the two terms of a conceptual contradiction, thereby facilitating the mixing of what should be discrete and mutually exclusive categories . . . In positing such questions, butterfly science, an inexhaustible, complex, and finely nuanced field, becomes not unlike the human imagination, or the field of literature itself. In the natural history of the animal, we begin to sense its literary and artistic possibilities."[9]
The photographer Kjell Sanded spent 25 years documenting all 26 characters of the Latin alphabet using the wing patterns of butterflies and moths as "The Butterfly Alphabet".[10]
Dragonflies
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For some Native American tribes, dragonflies represent swiftness and activity; for the Navajo, they symbolize pure water. They are a common motif in Zuni pottery; stylized as a double-barred cross, they appear in Hopi rock art and on Pueblo necklaces.[11]
Images of dragonflies are common in Art Nouveau, especially in jewellery designs.[12]
Flies
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Musca depicta ("painted fly" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as a conspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained as a jest; to symbolize the worthiness of even the smallest of God's creations; as an artistic privilege; to show that the portrait is post mortem; or as an imitation of works of previous painters.[13]
Grasshoppers
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Grasshoppers are occasionally depicted in artworks, such as the Dutch Golden Age painter Balthasar van der Ast's still life oil painting Flowers in a Vase with Shells and Insects, c. 1630, though the insect may be a bush-cricket.[14]
Another grasshopper is found in Rachel Ruysch's still life Flowers in a Vase, c. 1685. The seemingly static scene is animated by a "grasshopper on the table that looks about ready to spring", according to the gallery curator Betsy Wieseman, with other invertebrates including a spider, an ant, and two caterpillars.[15][16]
References
edit- ^ a b Morris, Brian (2006) [2004]. "Cultural Entomology". Insects and Human Life. Berg. pp. 181–216. ISBN 978-1-84520-949-0.
- ^ Gough, Andrew. "The Bee Part 2 Beewildered". Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ^ French, Anneka. "Stirring the Swarm". Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ "Stirring the Swarm". Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ Rivers, Victoria. "Beetles in Textiles". Cultural Entomology Digest February. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ^ Nabokov, Vladimir (1989). Speak, Memory. New York: Vintage International. p. 129.
- ^ Ahuja, Nitin. "Nabokov's Case Against Natural Selection". Tract. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ^ Nabokov, Vladimir (1990). Strong Opinions. Vintage International. ISBN 9780679726098.
- ^ MacRae, Ian. "Butterfly Chronicles: Imagination and Desire in Natural & Literary Histories". Canadian Journal of Environ Education.
- ^ "Kjell Sandved's Scaly Type". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- ^ Mitchell, Forrest L.; Lasswell, James L. (2005). A Dazzle of Dragonflies. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 20–26. ISBN 1-58544-459-6.
- ^ Moonan, Wendy (August 13, 1999). "Dragonflies Shimmering as Jewelry". New York Times. pp. E2:38.
- ^ Cardé, Ring T.; Resh, Vincent H., eds. (2009). "Musca depicta". Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science. p. 242. ISBN 9780080920900.
- ^ "Flowers in a Vase with Shells and Insects". The National Gallery. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ^ "Flowers in a Vase". The National Gallery. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ^ "The National Gallery Podcast: Episode Nineteen". The National Gallery. May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Betsy Wieseman: Well, there are two caterpillars that I can see. I particularly like the one right in the foreground that's just dangling from his thread and looking to land somewhere. It's this wonderful little suggestion of movement. There's a grasshopper on the table that looks about ready to spring to the other side and then nestled up between the rose and the peony is a wonderful spider and an ant on the petals of the rose.