Chromosome 15 open reading frame 52 is a human protein encoded by the C15orf52 gene, its function is poorly understood.
Gene
editC15orf52 is a gene located on the reverse strand of chromosome 15 in the species Homo sapiens at locus 15q15.1. The gene is 9,516 base pairs long including introns and exons.[1] The gene contains 12 distinct introns, 11 exons, produces 7 different mRNAs, and 6 alternatively spliced variants.[2]
Promoter
editThe promoter region upstream of the gene contains several transcription factors that regulate the expression of the C15orf52 gene.
mRNA
editThe linear mRNA is 5344 base pairs long.[3] The mRNA contains a short 5’ untranslated region of 15 base pairs and a long 3’ untranslated region of 3782 base pairs. In the long 3' untranslated region, three specific miRNA binding sites were found for has-miR-147b, hsa-miR-203a-3p.1, and has-miR-214-5p miRNAs.
Protein
editGeneral Properties
editThe protein contains a domain of unknown function (DUF4594 from amino acid 185 to 350).[1] The protein, C15orf52, is a 534 amino acid long protein weighing 57.325 kDa found in Homo sapiens.[4]
Structure
editPrimary
editComparison of the amino acid composition to "Homo sapiens" revealed certain amino acids with differing frequencies than other proteins in humans.[5] Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Asparagine were all found in lower frequencies than other proteins in humans. Glycine and Arginine were found at higher frequencies than other proteins in humans. The isoelectric point of the protein is 9.457, indicating a basic protein at a normal physiological pH of 7.4.
Secondary
editC15orf52 has a coiled coil domain spanning amino acids 60-97 containing alpha helices.[6]
Tertiary
editThe tertiary structure of this protein is still unknown to the scientific community and is often up for debate.
Subcellular Localization
editThere are no transmembrane sequences detected in the C15orf52 protein.[7] C15orf52 is also predicted to be a non-cytoplasmic soluble protein[7] likely to be found as a nuclear protein.[8]
Post-Translational Modifications
editThe protein has been experimentally observed with phosphorylation at serines found at two locations, S201 [9] and S392.[10] N-terminal acetylations, C-glycosylations, glycations, leucine rich nuclear export signals, sumoylation, and PEST motifs were all predicted across orthologs for this protein.[11]
Interacting Proteins
editTwo proteins, THO complex subunit 1 (THOC1) and THO complex subunit 7 (THOC7) were found to interact with C15orf52 using anti-tag coimmunoprecipitation.[12] THOC1 is a component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex that is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export. It is also involved in an apoptotic pathway characterized by activation of caspase-6. THOC7 is also part of the same subcomplex and is required for efficient export of polyadenylated RNA. Ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) and SUZ12 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (SUZ12) were also indicated as interacting proteins.[13] RNF2 is part of a polycomb group of proteins that are important for transcription repression of various genes. It also possess ubiquitin ligase activity. SUZ12 is also a polycomb group protein and part of a complex that methylates lysines of histones and also is involved with repression of genes.
Homology
editParalogs
editThere are no known complete paralogs for the C15orf52 protein. There is a homologous domain found in Coiled Coil Domain Containing Protein 9 (CCDC9) that is paralogous to the C15orf52 protein from amino acid 9 to 55 of CCDC9. This domain is found in primates to mollusks. This CCDC9 domain is not found in any unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms more distant than mollusks.
Orthologs
editOrthologs of the C15orf52 protein were traced back to cartilaginous fishes. None were found in any multicellular organisms more distant than cartilaginous fishes or unicellular organisms.
| Common Name | Genus & Species | Date of Divergence from Humans (MYA) | Accession Number | Sequence Length | Sequence Identity to Humans | Sequence Similarity to Humans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Homo sapiens | 0 | NP_997263.2 | 534 | 100% | 100% |
| Brandt's bat | Myotis brandtii | 97.5 | XP_005860303.2 | 564 | 76% | 79% |
| Cattle | Bos taurus | 97.5 | XP_015328613.1 | 577 | 75% | 77% |
| Mouflon | Ovis musimon | 97.5 | XP_014962253.1 | 513 | 69% | 74% |
| House mouse | Mus musculus | 90.5 | NP_001001982.2 | 545 | 63% | 71% |
| Gekko | Gekko japonicus | 320.5 | XP_015282702.1 | 591 | 41% | 55% |
| Zebra finch | Taeniopygia guttata | 320.5 | XP_012429790.1 | 625 | 41% | 57% |
| Carolina anole | Anolis carolinensis | 320.5 | XP_008115041.1 | 496 | 39% | 55% |
| Green sea turtle | Chelonia mydas | 320.5 | XP_007069465.1 | 743 | 39% | 57% |
| Chicken | Gallus gallus | 320.5 | XP_004941352.2 | 637 | 38% | 54% |
| Golden eagle | Aquila chrysaetos canadensis | 320.5 | XP_011595804.1 | 647 | 38% | 53% |
| Western clawed frog | Xenopus tropicalis | 355.7 | XP_004917355.1 | 507 | 37% | 54% |
| Common garter snake | Thamnophis sirtalis | 320.5 | XP_013925154.1 | 586 | 37% | 52% |
| Mexican tetra | Astyanax mexicanus | 429.6 | XP_007230442.1 | 354 | 37% | 52% |
| Spotted gar | Lepisosteus oculatus | 429.6 | XP_015206400.1 | 674 | 37% | 52% |
| Common starling | Sturnus vulgaris | 320.5 | XP_014734365.1 | 646 | 37% | 53% |
| Chinese alligator | Alligator sinensis | 320.5 | XP_014372849.1 | 504 | 37% | 54% |
| Burmese python | Python bivittatus | 320.5 | XP_007429068.1 | 587 | 37% | 53% |
| Zebra fish | Danio rerio | 429.6 | XP_001337385.3 | 516 | 32% | 51% |
| Australian ghostshark | Callorhinchus milii | 482.9 | XP_007891400.1 | 692 | 29% | 45% |
| Pufferfish | Takifugu rubripes | 429.6 | XP_011614636.1 | 525 | 35% | 51% |
Divergence
editA comparison of the corrected distances of C15orf52 with the rapidly mutating Fibrinogen Alpha protein and the slowly mutating Cytochrome C protein is shown below. The paralogous domain in CCDC9 is also shown below. Overall, C15orf52 changes fairly rapidly as a whole, however the paralogous domain does not, which may point to functionality as this domain is well conserved.
Expression
editOrigin of cDNAs of C15orf52 shows that the gene is expressed in numerous locations such as primary and secondary digestive organs (pancreas, stomach, liver, etc.), nervous system (brain, retina, lens), skin, reproductive organs, bones, and many other tissues suggesting a fairly nonspecialized function.[3] However, C15orf52 protein is relatively over-expressed in the colon, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, testis, and rectum.[14] Application of RNA-seq to plasma extracellular RNA profiles indicated C15orf52 as the most abundant mRNA present, possibly indicating some role outside of the cell.[15] In mice, the expression pattern of C15orf52, as well as TCEA3 and FHOD3, two other genes studied, was found to be similar to that of well-characterized genes known to be associated with heart development such as BVES and CXCL12.[16] However C15orf52 was not detected before embryological day 9.5 in the tail area and its exact function is not yet known.[16]
Clinical Significance
editDiseases associated with C15orf52 include colorectal cancer where the protein was over-expressed in tumor cells.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) gene entry on C15orf52 [1]
- ^ AceView entry on C15orf52 gene
- ^ a b NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) nucleotide entry on C15orf52 [2]
- ^ NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) protein entry on C15orf52 [3]
- ^ SDSC Biology WorkBench 3.2 - Statistical Analysis of Primary Structure tool http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#[permanent dead link]!
- ^ UniProtKB entry on C15orf52 [www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6ZUT6]
- ^ a b SOSUI http://harrier.nagahama-i-bio.ac.jp/sosui/sosui_submit.html
- ^ Reinhardt's method
- ^ Bian, Yangyang; Song, Chunxia; Cheng, Kai; Dong, Mingming; Wang, Fangjun; Huang, Junfeng; Sun, Deguang; Wang, Liming; Ye, Mingliang; Zou, Hanfa (2014-01-16). "An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome". Journal of Proteomics. 96: 253–262. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. ISSN 1876-7737. PMID 24275569.
- ^ Olsen, Jesper V.; Blagoev, Blagoy; Gnad, Florian; Macek, Boris; Kumar, Chanchal; Mortensen, Peter; Mann, Matthias (2006-11-03). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17081983.
- ^ ExPASy proteomic tools. http://www.expasy.org/proteomics
- ^ Hein, Marco Y.; Hubner, Nina C.; Poser, Ina; Cox, Jürgen; Nagaraj, Nagarjuna; Toyoda, Yusuke; Gak, Igor A.; Weisswange, Ina; Mansfeld, Jörg; Buchholz, Frank; Hyman, Anthony A. (2015-10-22). "A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances". Cell. 163 (3): 712–723. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.053. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 26496610.
- ^ Cao, Qi; Wang, Xiaoju; Zhao, Meng; Yang, Rendong; Malik, Rohit; Qiao, Yuanyuan; Poliakov, Anton; Yocum, Anastasia K.; Li, Yong; Chen, Wei; Cao, Xuhong (2014). "The central role of EED in the orchestration of polycomb group complexes". Nature Communications. 5: 3127. doi:10.1038/ncomms4127. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4073494. PMID 24457600.
- ^ a b GeneCards® entry on C15orf52
- ^ Yuan, Tiezheng; Huang, Xiaoyi; Woodcock, Mark; Du, Meijun; Dittmar, Rachel; Wang, Yuan; Tsai, Susan; Kohli, Manish; Boardman, Lisa; Patel, Tushar; Wang, Liang (2016-01-20). "Plasma extracellular RNA profiles in healthy and cancer patients". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 19413. doi:10.1038/srep19413. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4726401.
- ^ a b Xu, Xiu Qin; Soo, Set Yen; Sun, William; Zweigerdt, Robert (September 2009). "Global expression profile of highly enriched cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells". Stem Cells. 27 (9): 2163–2174. doi:10.1002/stem.166. ISSN 1549-4918. PMID 19658189.