Chromosome 16 open reading frame 46 is a protein of yet to be determined function in Homo sapiens. It is encoded by the C16orf46 gene with NCBI accession number of NM_001100873. It is a protein-coding gene with an overlapping locus.[2]
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| External IDs | GeneCards: [1]; OMA:- orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene
editAn alternative name for this gene is FLJ32702, however it is most commonly referred to as C16orf46.[3]
Location
editThe C16orf26 gene is found on chromosome 16q23.2 negative strand.[4] The promoter region is 1152 base pairs long.[5] It has three exons, one from 1-380 bp, the second from 381 to 1254 bp, and the third from 1255 to 1982 bp.[2]
Expression
editC16orf46 is broadly expressed in the testis and thyroid as well as 18 other tissues.[4] These tissue expression patterns are found to be low to moderate (25-50%).[6] When looking at tissue profiles, the highest expression is in the adult mammalian kidney, liver, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, heart, and brain.[7]
Protein
edit
Protein Analysis
editThe full C16orf46 protein is 417 amino acids long.[9] It has no isoforms, and its most distant ortholog, Rhincodon typus (whale shark), also has no known isoforms.[10] The molecular weight was found to be 45.8 kdal.[11] The isoelectric point is 7.4, average for all proteins, and C16orf46 is electrically neutral.[12]
C16orf46 is predicted to be found in the nucleus by all orthologs.[13]
The secondary structure of C16orf46 has alternating alpha helices and beta sheets.[14]
Protein Level Regulation
editIn C16orf46, there is N-linked glycosylation, O-linked glycosylation, and SUMOylation.[15][16]
There are phosphorylation sites found with the kinases CKII, CKI, PKC, and cdc2.[17]
A coronavirus cleavage site is predicted at the 235 amino acid position.[18] There are also tyrosine motif locations between amino acids 42-45 and 251–252.[19]
Transcript Level Regulation
editmRNA folding on the 5' UTR predicts a stem loop twice in the area between base pairs 47–90.[20]
Homologs
editOrthologs
editC16orf46 has over 50 orthologs ranging from primate to chordate.[21] The table below shows a representation of the diversity of C16orf46 by listing a selection of orthologs found using NCBI. When C16orf46 Homo sapiens was run through a multiple alignment sequence program, Clustal Omega, against 20 true orthologs and 16 distant orthologs, Trp74 and Pro212 were found to be conserved in all.[22]
| Species | Common Name | Divergence (MYA) | Accession Number | Identity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Humans | --- | XP_016878405.1 | 100.0% |
| Ochotona princeps | American Pika | 90 | XP_004584265.1 | 52.7% |
| Octodon degus | Common Degu | 90 | XP_003434773.2 | 47.8% |
| Ursus maritimus | Polar Bear | 96 | XP_008687958.1 | 67.5% |
| Leptonychotes weddellii | Weddell Seal | 96 | XP_006748170.1 | 67.2% |
| Canis lupus | Gray Wolf | 96 | XP_003434773.2 | 65.8% |
| Pteropus vampyrus | Large Flying Fox | 96 | XP_011354946.1 | 63.5% |
| Sus scrofa | Wild Boar | 96 | XP_020952705.1 | 61.5% |
| Bos indicus | Zebu | 96 | XP_019835282.1 | 60.2% |
| Erinaceus europaeus | European Hedgehog | 96 | XP_007516703.1 | 56.7% |
| Loxodonta africana | African Bush Elephant | 105 | XP_010596137.1 | 60.9% |
| Sarcophilus harrisii | Tasmanian Devil | 159 | XP_003757901.1 | 43.1% |
| Apteryx australis | Southern Brown Kiwi | 312 | XP_013796688.1 | 18.5% |
| Aptenodytes forsteri | Emperor Penguin | 312 | XP_019327074.1 | 17.4% |
| Chelonia mydas | Green Sea Turtle | 312 | XP_007059324.1 | 29.7% |
| Gekko japonicus | Gekko Japonicus | 312 | XP_015261305.1 | 25.3% |
| Nanorana parkeri | High Himalaya Frog | 352 | XP_018410908.1 | 22.4% |
| Pygocentrus nattereri | Red Bellied Piranha | 435 | XP_017578196.1 | 21.2% |
| Lepisosteus oculatus | Spotted Gar | 435 | XP_015223705.1 | 20.6% |
| Callorhinchus milii | Australian Ghost Shark | 473 | XP_007887408.1 | 22.7% |
Paralogs
editMutations
editC16orf46 has been compared against Fibrinogen, a protein which mutates rapidly, and Cytochrome C, a protein which mutates slowly.
As can be seen below, when multiple species of the three proteins were plotted, C16orf46 more closely resembled that of Fibrinogen than Cytochrome C, suggesting a possible rapid mutation.[21]
Interacting Proteins
editC16orf46 interacts with FAT3 which has been linked to neurite interactions during development.[23] C16orf46 is thought to have coexpression with the PLAC8L1 and CFAP43 gene, both of unknown function.[24]
Clinical Significance
editThere are higher levels of C16orf46 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumor epithelia tissue compared to the control.[25] There is also higher gene expression in patients with small-cell carcinoma compared to the control.[26]
References
edit- ^ "I-TASSER results". zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-07.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Gene: C16orf46 (OTTHUMG00000137629) - Summary - Homo sapiens - Vega Genome Browser 68". vega.archive.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ Database, GeneCards Human Gene. "C16orf46 Gene - GeneCards | CP046 Protein | CP046 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ a b "C16orf46 Symbol Report | HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee". www.genenames.org. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
- ^ "Genomatix - NGS Data Analysis & Personalized Medicine". www.genomatix.de. Archived from the original on 2001-02-24. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ geo. "Home - GEO - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "Gene: C16orf46 - ENSG00000166455". bgee.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "Anti-C16orf46 antibody produced in rabbit HPA041136". Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "uncharacterized protein C16orf46 isoform X1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "uncharacterized protein C16orf46 homolog [Rhincodon typus] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ Kozlowski, Lukasz P. "CALCULATION OF PROTEIN ISOELECTRIC POINT". isoelectric.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ EMBL-EBI. "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "PSORT WWW Server". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "Bioinformatics Toolkit". toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "NetNGlyc 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "NetOGlyc 4.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "NetPhos 3.1 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "NetCorona 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "Human Protein Reference Database". www.hprd.org. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "The Mfold Web Server | mfold.rit.albany.edu". unafold.rna.albany.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ a b c "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ EMBL-EBI. "Clustal Omega < Multiple Sequence Alignment < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ Lab, Mike Tyers. "BioGRID | Database of Protein, Chemical, and Genetic Interactions". thebiogrid.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "C16orf46 protein (human) - STRING interaction network". string-db.org. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "GDS4103 / 230281_at". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "GDS4794 / 230281_at". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.