C1orf159 is a protein that in human is encoded by the C1orf159 gene located on chromosome 1.[5][6] This gene is also found to be an unfavorable prognosis marker for renal and liver cancer, and a favorable prognosis marker for urothelial cancer.[7]
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| Aliases | C1orf159, chromosome 1 open reading frame 159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 2444364; HomoloGene: 51678; GeneCards: C1orf159; OMA:C1orf159 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene
editThe Homo sapiens C1orf159 gene (UniProt ID: Q96HA4) is a gene located on the short arm of chromosome 1 at locus 1p36.33.[6] The gene is 34,247 base pairs in length, located at Chromosome 1 position 1,081,818 to 1,116,089 on the reverse strand.[8]
Transcript
editThe longest variant of human C1orf159 gene encodes an mRNA that is 2,432 nucleotides in length with 12 exons.[9] A promoter region was predicted using UCSC Genome Browser,[10] which is 762 nucleotides long, including a 434 nucleotide upstream of the transcriptional start site, exon 1, and a 298 nucleotide region of intron 1.[citation needed]
Protein
editIsoforms
editAlternative splicing of the gene creates 5 protein isoforms.[5] The longest isoform is 380 amino acids in length with a molecular mass of 40.382 kDa.[5]
| Isoform | UniProt[11] ID | Length (aa) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Q96HA4-1 | 380 |
| 2 | Q96HA4-2 | 185 |
| 3 | Q96HA4-3 | 189 |
| 4 | Q96HA4-4 | 198 |
| 5 | Q96HA4-5 | 254 |
Composition
editC1orf159 protein is a proline- and arginine-rich, and a lysine- and glutamic acid- poor protein. The isoelectric point of the human C1orf159 protein is 10.07,[12] which is more basic than the average human proteomic protein pI of 7.36.[13]
Domain
editThe human C1orf159 protein contains a domain of unknown function DUF4501.[5] Although the exact function of the domain is not clear, it is thought to be a single pass-membrane protein with highly conserved cysteine residues.[citation needed]
The protein also contains a transmembrane domain at positions 144-169[11] and a signal peptide at positions 1-18.[9][11]
Structure
editAlphafold predicts the structure of human C1orf159 protein to be mainly composed of alpha-helices.[14]
Post-translational modification
editThe predicted post-translational modifications of the C1orf159 protein includes N-linked glycosylation on asparagine at positions 104, 111, and 128.[5][15]
Homology/evolution
editOrthologs
editOrthologs of human C1orf159 are found in vertebrates including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish[16] with the most distantly related group of organisms being cartilaginous fish, with a date of divergence of approximately 450 million years ago.[17] Orthologs are not found in jawless fish or invertebrates.[16]
| Species | Group | Taxonomic
Group |
NCBI Protein Accession Number | Protein Sequence
Similarity (% Relative to Human Protein) |
| Human | Mammals | Primates | NP_001317235.1 | 100.0 |
| Chimpanzee | Primates | XP_024204744.1 | 98.4 | |
| Bonobo | Primates | XP_008975653.2 | 88.9 | |
| House Mouse | Rodentia | NP_796179.1 | 40.9 | |
| Cattle | Artiodactyla | NP_001026925.1 | 36.6 | |
| Sunda Flying Lemur | Dermoptera | XP_008567908.1 | 39.4 | |
| Chinese Tree Shrew | Scandentia | XP_027622332.1 | 35.8 | |
| Cougar | Carnivora | XP_025768111.1 | 41.7 | |
| Chicken | Birds | Galliformes | XP_024998437.2 | 32.8 |
| Rock Pigeon | Columbiformes | XP_013226562.2 | 35.7 | |
| Hooded Crow | Passeriformes | XP_039420032.1 | 29.9 | |
| Golden-collared Manakin | Passeriformes | XP_017934783.1 | 36.5 | |
| Gharial | Reptiles | Crocodilia | XP_019367354.1 | 36.8 |
| Leatherback Sea Turtle | Testudines | XP_027584571.1 | 35.9 | |
| Chinese Softshell Turtle | Testudines | XP_006127168.1 | 35.2 | |
| Western Clawed Frog | Anura | NP_001039047.1 | 34.6 | |
| Two-lined Caecilian | Amphibians | Gymnophiona | XP_029433955.1 | 33.9 |
| Asiatic Toad | Anura | XP_044137731.1 | 31.6 | |
| Zebrafish | Fish | Cypriniformes | NP_001313355.1 | 26.4 |
| Sterlet | Acipenseriformes | XP_034760226.1 | 32.8 | |
| Reedfish | Polypteriformes | XP_028663678.1 | 32.9 | |
| Small-spotted Catshark | Carcharhiniformes | XP_038629468.1 | 28.0 | |
| Whale Shark | Orectolobiformes | XP_020381962.1 | 32.9 |
Evolutionary History
editWhen compared with the evolution rate with cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha, the C1orf159 protein has a similar evolutionary rate of change to the fast-evolving fibrinogen alpha protein, C1orf159 protein has a relatively fast evolution rate.[citation needed]
Clinical Significance
editThe Human Protein Atlas shows that C1orf159 is an unfavorable prognosis marker for renal and liver cancer, and a favorable prognosis marker for urothelial cancer, indicating that a high expression of C1orf159 is associated with a lower survival probability for patients with renal and liver cancer, and is associated with a higher survival probability for patients with urothelial cancer.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000131591 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059939 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c d e "C1orf159 Gene". GeneCards. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ a b "Gene symbol report". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ a b "Expression of C1orf159 in cancer - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ "Gene: C1orf159 (ENSG00000131591) - Summary - Homo_sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 107". uswest.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
- ^ a b "Homo sapiens chromosome 1 open reading frame 159 (C1orf159), transcript variant 1, mRNA". 2022-04-17.
- ^ "UCSC Genome Browser Home". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ a b c "UniProt". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | Expasy". www.expasy.org. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ Kurotani A, Tokmakov AA, Sato KI, Stefanov VE, Yamada Y, Sakurai T (August 2019). "Localization-specific distributions of protein pI in human proteome are governed by local pH and membrane charge". BMC Molecular and Cell Biology. 20 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12860-019-0221-4. PMC 6701068. PMID 31429701.
- ^ "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database". alphafold.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "C1orf159 - Proteomics". www.nextprot.org. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ^ a b "C1orf159 orthologs". NCBI. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ Redmond AK, Macqueen DJ, Dooley H (November 2018). "Phylotranscriptomics suggests the jawed vertebrate ancestor could generate diverse helper and regulatory T cell subsets". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 169. Bibcode:2018BMCEE..18..169R. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1290-2. PMC 6238376. PMID 30442091.
- ^ "Phylogeny.fr: "One Click" Mode". www.phylogeny.fr. Retrieved 2022-07-28.