Wikipedia

PFC CSKA Moscow

(Redirected from CDKA Moscow)
"PFC CSKA" redirects here. For the Bulgarian football club, see PFC CSKA Sofia. For other uses, see CSKA.
For the whole sports club, see CSKA Moscow.

Professional Football Club CSKA (Russian: Профессиональный футбольный клуб – ЦСКА, derived from the historical name 'Центральный спортивный клуб армии', English: Central Sports Club of the Army), commonly referred to as CSKA Moscow or CSKA Moskva outside of Russia, or simply as CSKA (pronounced [tsɛ ɛs ˈka]), is a Russian professional football club. It is based in Moscow, playing its home matches at the 30,000-capacity VEB Arena. It plays in red and blue colours, with various plain and striped patterns having been used.

CSKA Moscow
Club crest
Full nameПрофессиональный
футбольный клуб ЦСКА
Nickname(s)Koni (Horses)
Krasno-sinie (Red-blues)
Armeitsy (Army Men)
Founded27 August 1911; 113 years ago (1911-08-27)
GroundVEB Arena
Capacity30,457
OwnerVEB.RF
PresidentYevgeni Giner[1][2]
Head coachMarko Nikolić
LeagueRussian Premier League
2023–24Russian Premier League, 6th of 16
Websitehttps://en.pfc-cska.com/
Current season

Founded in 1911, CSKA is one of the oldest football clubs in Russia and it had its most successful period after World War II with five titles in six seasons. It won a total of 7 Soviet Top League championships and 5 Soviet Cups, including the double in the last season in 1991. The club has also won 6 Russian Premier League titles as well as 8 Russian Cups.

CSKA Moscow became the first club in Russia to win one of the European cup competitions, the UEFA Cup, after defeating Sporting CP in the final in Lisbon in 2005.

CSKA was the official team of the Soviet Army during the communist era. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union it has become privately owned. In 2012, the Ministry of Defence sold all of its shares (24,94%) to Bluecastle Enterprises Ltd,[3][a] a conglomerate owning 100% of the club since then. On 13 December 2019, state-owned development corporation VEB.RF announced they will take control of over 75% of club shares that were used as collateral by previous owners for the VEB Arena financing.[11] Russian businessman Roman Abramovich's Sibneft corporation was a leading sponsor of the club from 2004 to 2006.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Club Association suspended the team, along with all Russian club and national teams, from participation in European competition.[12] Due to the international sanctions the Governmental Investments Bank VEB.RF has sold the club to Trinfico Investments company.

History

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Names

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CSKA Moscow was founded in 1911 and, like many clubs in the former Soviet Union, has seen a number of name changes. From 1928 to 1950 the association was called CDKA Moscow (ЦДКА Москва). In 1951 its name was changed to CDSA Moscow (ЦДСА Москва). In 1957 the sports society was renamed again into CSK MO Moscow (ЦСК МО Москва). The current name of club's football department, PFC CSKA Moscow (ПФК ЦСКА Москва) has been used since 1994.[citation needed]

  • 1911–22: Amateur Society of Skiing Sports (OLLS Moscow) (Russian: Общество Любителей Лыжного Спорта)
  • 1923: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Education Association (OPPV) (Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Всеобуча)
  • 1924–27: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Administration (OPPV) (Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Военведа)
  • 1928–50: Sports Club of Central House of the Red Army (CDKA) (Russian: Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Красной Армии)
  • 1951–56: Sports Club of Central House of the Soviet Army (CDSA) (Russian: Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Советской Армии)
  • 1957–59: Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense (CSK MO) (Russian: Центральный Спортивный Клуб Министерства Обороны)
  • 1960–: Central Sports Club of Army (CSKA) (Russian: Центральный Спортивный Клуб Армии)

Foundation and first successes

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The history of CSKA football club began in 1911, when a football section was organized in the Amateur Society of Skiing Sports (OLLS).

 
OPPV emblem

After the 1917 season, part of the reserve OLLS team moved to the first. In 1921, the champion of the autumn Moscow championship (winner of Fulda Cup) was determined in the final match, in which teams OLLS and KFS took part. The KFS team won 6:0. In the 1922 season, OLLS players won the spring Moscow championship and took second place in the fall championship.[13] In the same year, OLLS won KFS-Kolomyagi Cup, in the final of which, according to the regulations, the winners of the first and second leagues of the Moscow championship met, and Tosmen Cup, where the champions of Moscow and Petrograd met.[13]

Soviet period

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Until 1970: Peaks and troughs

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The club had its most successful period immediately after the end of the Second World War. At this time, one of the best players in its history and the best scorer in the history of the team, Grigory Fedotov, played for the club. The army men were runners-up in the first edition of the resumed Vysschaya Liga in 1945.

 
CDKA emblem

Three consecutive championship titles followed for the first time in league history, including club's first double in 1948. This year the army team won their second USSR Cup. In the semifinals, as a result of a replay, CDKA snatched victory from Dynamo Moscow, and in the final they defeated the current cup holders, Spartak. By that time the main army team became dubbed as the "Team of Lieutenants" (Russian: «Команда Лейтенантов»). After finishing second in 1949, in 1950, the army team became champions again, and in 1951, playing under the new name CDSA (Central House of the Soviet Army), they won a double again, winning both the championship and the cup. The history of the football department from this time is closely linked to the ice hockey department of the club, HC CSKA Moscow, because the leading players like Vsevolod Bobrov played both sports in parallel.

 
Boris Arkadyev, CDKA coach

After successful times Olympic Games 1952 in Helsinki marked the beginning of the decline of CDSA Moscow. The club's players formed the core of the national team, which, after tough negotiations, joined FIFA shortly before the Olympic football tournament. Boris Arkadiev became the coach of both the national team and the army club. The first meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in football is still amongst the most famous matches. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito split in 1948, which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau. Before the match, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, especially CDSA and its players. After just three games played in the season, CDSA was forced to withdraw from the league and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev was stripped of his Merited Master of Sports of the USSR title.[14] For intelligence chief Lavrentiy Beria, the Olympic elimination was the perfect opportunity to eliminate the successful city rival. As head of the KGB, he was also honorary president of Dynamo Moscow - the main rival of CDSA.[citation needed]

 
Albert Shesternyov, one of the best Soviet players and CDSA captain

After two seasons of oblivion and after Stalin's death in the spring of 1953 CDSA Moscow was re-established in 1954 on the initiative of then Soviet Defense Minister Nikolai Bulganin. Shortly thereafter, the team won the Soviet Cup in 1955, defeating Dynamo Moscow in the final with the legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin being sent off. The fans had to wait 15 years for the next trophy. In 1970 season, CSKA became Soviet champions for the sixth time, gaining the same number of points with Dynamo. The first gold match held on December 5, 1970 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR ended without goals. The next day CSKA won the second match against Dynamo 4:3 after 1:3 deficit. By winning the championship, CSKA qualified for the first round of the European Cup. CSKA defeated Turkish club Galatasaray in the first round, but lost to Belgian champion Standard Liège in the second round and was eliminated from the tournament.[citation needed]

1971 to 1991: Two decades drought

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With only 19 points out of a possible 68 in the 1984 season, the club had to endure the first ever relegation to the second division, where CSKA spent two seasons. After returning to the Higher league, the club did not manage to stay in it for a long time, and in the 1987 season, a second relegation followed. Nevertheless CSKA was able to fight its way back after two seasons in the First League, immediately secured the runner-up and even won the last edition of the football championship of the Soviet Union in the 1991 season. Having also won the Soviet cup, the club thus secured the last golden double in the history of the USSR football. With the championship title from the 1991 season, CSKA Moscow qualified for the first round of the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League, where they defeated the Icelandic team Víkingur Reykjavík. In the second round the Spanish top club Barcelona with coach Johan Cruyff was defeated. The opponents in Group A were the current Champions League winners Olympique Marseille, Glasgow Rangers and Club Brugge. CSKA was unable to build on the results of the matches with Barcelona, becoming the fourth in the group with two draws and four defeats, and was eliminated from the tournament.[citation needed]

Modern period

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1992 to 2004: Back to the top

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CSKA Moscow was one of the founding members of the newly formed Russian Top Division after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In the first six seasons, the team occupied the places in the middle of the table. In the 1998 season, the club was runner-up and in the next season finished third. In the following two seasons, CSKA Moscow again occupied places in the middle of the table. In the 2002 season, the team trained by Valery Gazzaev took second place again, winning the Russian Cup. In 2003, the team won its first championship in the history of the Russian Premier League. After that, the head coach Valery Gassayev was sacked surprisingly and the Portuguese coach Artur Jorge was signed as his successor. Under the new coach, the team could not build on the performances from the previous season. After falling to fifth place in July 2004, Arthur Jorge was sacked after only eight months at the helm of the club. After the return of Valery Gassaev, CSKA was able to save the season and become vice-champion.[citation needed]

2005 to 2010: Golden years

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The 2005 UEFA Cup Final starting lineup.

In the 2004 season, after qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, the team finished third at the group stage and therefore took part in the UEFA Cup play-off. The UEFA Cup for CSKA began with a home match against Portugal's Benfica in the round of 32, which ended in a 2-0 victory for CSKA, in the away match CSKA drew 1-1. The next rival of CSKA was the Serbian club Partizan, the away match in Belgrade ended with a score of 1-1, and the home match in Krasnodar - 2-0 in favor of the red-blue team. In the next round, the army team defeated the French side Auxerre 4-0. Despite the 2-0 away defeat, CSKA was able to continue playing in the UEFA Cup. In the semifinals, CSKA's opponent was the Italian side Parma, after beating which (0-0, 3-0), the Muscovites reached the final.

 
Valery Gazzaev, coach during the golden era of the club

Then, on May 18, 2005, the team became the first Russian team ever to win a European competition, the 2004-05 UEFA Cup at the José Alvalade Stadium in Lisbon, Portugal, winning Sporting 3-1. The team failed to consolidate their success, losing the UEFA Super Cup to English club Liverpool on 26 August 2005 at Stade Louis II, in Monaco. Nevertheless, this year, CSKA become the first Russian club to complete a treble after winning the second Russian championship title and the Russian Cup.[citation needed]

The team had qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League by winning the championship in 2005 and progressed to the group stage over MFK Ružomberok. At the group stage, CSKA finished in third place and qualified for the round of 32 in the UEFA Cup, but was eliminated there against the Israeli representative Maccabi Haifa. In the 2006 season, CSKA won domestic treble, as the team won all three national titles: the Premier League, the Russian Cup and the Russian Super Cup.[citation needed]

As Russian champions, CSKA qualified for the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League. At the group stage, CSKA finished fourth and last with just one draw out of five defeats and was eliminated. In the Premier League, CSKA occupied the third place, but won the Russian Super Cup.

 
CSKA players celebrating their victory in the 2008 Russian Cup

In the first half of the 2008 season, CSKA played below expectations and even finished in seventh place at the break of the season. After the European Championship, Valery Gazzaev, who announced his retirement at the end of the season, switched the game tactics to four defenders and let the young Alan Dzagoev, who was considered one of the greatest talents in Russian football, show himself. As a result, CSKA ended its negative series and from then on showed effective football. But it was no longer enough to win the championship, and CSKA took the runner-up behind Rubin Kazan. In the 2008-09 UEFA Cup, CSKA was the only team to achieve twelve points from four group matches. Then the team advanced to the round of 16, where they were defeated by the eventual UEFA Cup winners Shakhtar Donetsk from Ukraine after a 1-0 home win and subsequent 0-2 away defeat. The team also won the Russian Cup for the fourth time.[15]

 
Vágner Love, club's legend

In January 2009, the Brazilian Zico took over the position of head coach at CSKA. After the half of the 2009 season, the club was only fourth. At the end of the 2009 season, fifth place was just enough for participation in the 2010-11 UEFA Europa League. As a result, the Brazilian head coach was dismissed in September 2009. In the same month, the Spaniard Juande Ramos was signed as his successor, but only lasted 47 days before being released on October 26 and replaced by Leonid Slutsky. The club won the Russian Supercup for the fourth time and became the Russian Cup winner for the fifth time. The team had also qualified for the quarter-finals of the Champions League for the first time after defeating Sevilla FC 3–2 on aggregate. They were later eliminated from competition by the eventual winners Inter Milan, losing by 1–0 scorelines in both Milan and Moscow.[citation needed]

Slutsky era

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Leonid Slutsky was introduced as the new head coach in October 2009. In the 2010 Russian Premier League season, the team was runner-up. In the Russian Cup, the team was eliminated in the round of 32 against the second division Ural Ekaterinburg. In the Europa League, CSKA made it to the round of 16, where the team lost to the eventual winners Porto after two defeats (0-1 and 1-2).[citation needed]

 
Leonid Slutsky

Finishing as the runners-up in the previous season, the club qualified for the group stage of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. The opponents in Group B were Inter Milan, Trabzonspor and Lille. On 7 December 2011, CSKA qualified for the knockout phase after winning crucial 3 points by defeating Inter Milan with scoreline 1–2 in Milan and finishing as the runners-up in the group behind the Milanese. In the round of 16 the team met Spanish top club Real Madrid, to which CSKA lost 2-5 on aggregate. In the 2011–12 Russian championship, CSKA could only reach third place despite finishing second after the first phase of the season. By the 100th anniversary of the club, CSKA could not leave its fans without a trophy and won its sixth Russian Cup, beating Alania Vladikavkaz in the final 2-1 on May 22, 2011.[citation needed]

In the 2012–13 season, CSKA took part in the play-off round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated against Swedish side AIK after 1-0 in Moscow and 0-2 in Stockholm. At the end of the season, however, CSKA were crowned the champions of Russia. It was the eleventh championship title in club history. The team won the Russian Cup and thus achieving a double.[citation needed]

As Russian champions CSKA took part in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League. The club was eliminated from the competition after the group stage against Bayern Munich, Manchester City and Viktoria Plzeň with only one win and five defeats resulting in the fourth place. In the domestic League, however, the club celebrated the second championship title in a row after Zoran Tošić scored the decisive goal against Lokomotiv Moscow on the last Matchday of the season for the tenth victory in the league in a row.

 
CSKA Moscow team in 2014 against Manchester City at a UEFA Champions League match

In the 2015–16 season, CSKA advanced to the Champions League group stage over Sparta Prague and Sporting. With PSV Eindhoven, Manchester United and Wolfsburg, CSKA completed Group B of the competition, but wasn't able to advance to the round of 16. In the Premier League, the club started with six consecutive wins, with the first four games being won without conceding a single goal. At the end of the season, the army club finished two points ahead of the second-placed Rostov and won its sixth Russian title (and 13th overall). [citation needed]

As a result, CSKA took part in the group stage of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League. Opponents in Group E were Monaco, Bayer Leverkusen and Tottenham Hotspur. On 6 October 2016, during the group stage, Finland announced that Roman Eremenko had been handed a 30-day ban from football by UEFA,[16] with UEFA announcing on 18 November 2016, that Eremenko had been handed a two-year ban from football due to testing positive for cocaine.[17] Following the ban of one of the team leaders CSKA couldn't win a single game and was therefore eliminated from the tournament. After the last group game against Tottenham and after a negative run in the league, longtime head coach Leonid Slutsky left the club at his own request.[18]

On 12 December, Viktor Goncharenko was announced as the club's new manager, signing a two-year contract.[19]

Under Goncharenko

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As CSKA finished second in the 2016–17 Premier League, they started their way in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League from the third qualifying round, defeating AEK Athens there and then Young Boys in the play-off round. In Group A, the army club met Benfica, Manchester United and Basel and finished in third place. As a result, CSKA continued to play in the Europa League and advanced to the quarter-finals, losing to Arsenal.

 
Viktor Goncharenko

On 21 July 2018, Goncharenko extended his contract until the end of the 2019/20 season.[20] During the summer of 2018 CSKA lost many of its leaders: Aleksei and Vasili Berezutski and Sergei Ignashevich finished their careers as professional players; Alexandr Golovin was bought by AS Monaco; Pontus Wernbloom became a PAOK player and Bibras Natcho went to Olympiacos. However, at the start of that season CSKA showed good results, being at the top-three in Russian champions table and beating Real Madrid in Champions League group stage in both home and away matches (1–0 in Moscow and 3–0 in Madrid).[citation needed]

On 13 December 2019, state-owned development corporation VEB.RF announced they will take control of over 75% of club shares that were used as collateral by previous owners for the VEB Arena financing.[11]

On 22 March 2021, Viktor Goncharenko left his role as head coach of CSKA Moscow by mutual consent.[21]

Under Olić, Berezutski and Fedotov

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On 23 March 2021, CSKA appointed their former striker Ivica Olić as their new head coach.[22] After just nine games, culminating in a 6th place finish in the 2020–21 Russian Premier League, missing the European competitions for the first time in 20 years, Olić left CSKA by mutual consent on 15 June 2021 with Aleksei Berezutski being placed in temporary charge.[23] On 19 July 2021, Berezutski was confirmed as CSKA's new permanent head coach.[24]

In February 2022, CSKA were hit by sanctions from the United States Department of the Treasury as a consequence of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. CSKA is owned by Russian state-controlled VEB.RF and was sanctioned as its asset.[25][26] In addition, the European Club Association suspended the team.[12] CSKA won season-best 6 consecutive league games (last two before the winter break and the first four after), Berezutski was selected league's coach of the month for March 2022[27] and the club moved up to the 3rd position in the standings within 6 points of league-leading Zenit Saint Petersburg.[28] However, CSKA won only twice in the remaining 8 games of the league season and finished in 5th place. On 15 June 2022, Berezutski left his role as Head Coach after his contract was terminated by mutual agreement, with Vladimir Fedotov being appointed as the clubs new Head Coach the same day.[29][30] Fedotov led CSKA to the 2nd place in the 2022–23 Russian Premier League. CSKA also won the 2022–23 Russian Cup.[31]

Stadium

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Main article: Arena CSKA
See also: Luzhniki Stadium
 
VEB Arena

CSKA had its own stadium called "Light-Athletic Football Complex CSKA" and abbreviated as LFK CSKA. Its capacity is very small for a club of its stature; no more than 4,600 spectators.[citation needed]

Between 1961 and 2000, CSKA played their home games at the Grigory Fedotov Stadium. In 2007, the Grigory Fedotov Stadium was demolished in 2007, and ground was broken on the club's new stadium Arena CSKA later the same year. During construction of their new stadium, CSKA played the majority of their games at the Arena Khimki and Luzhniki Stadium. After several delays in its construction, Arena CSKA was official opened on 10 September 2016.[32]

On 28 February 2017, CSKA Moscow announced that they had sold the naming rights to the stadium to VEB.RF, with the stadium becoming the VEB Arena.[33]

In 2018, CSKA decided to play its home UEFA Champions League matches at Luzhniki Stadium, instead of VEB Arena.[citation needed]

Honours

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Domestic

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European

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Non-official

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1994
2007
2010
2013

League and Cup history

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Main article: List of PFC CSKA Moscow seasons

Soviet Union

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Season League Soviet Cup Europe Other Top scorer Head Coach
Division Pos P W D L F A Pts Competition Result Competition Result Name Goals
1936(s) 1st 4 6 2 1 3 13 18 11 - - - Evgeny Shelagin 3   Pavel Khalkiopov
1936(a) 1st 8 7 2 0 5 9 20 11 R32 - - Ivan Mitronov
Nikolai Isaev 		2   Pavel Khalkiopov
1937 1st 9 16 3 1 12 18 43 23 SF - - Mikhail Kireev 5   Mikhail Rushchinsky
1938 1st 2 25 17 3 5 52 24 37 R64 - -   Grigory Fedotov 20   Konstantin Zhiboedov
1939 1st 3 26 14 4 8 68 43 32 QF - -   Grigory Fedotov 21   Konstantin Zhiboedov
1940 1st 4 24 10 9 5 46 35 29 - - -   Grigory Fedotov 21   Sergei Bukhteev
1941 - - - - - - - - - - - -   Sergei Bukhteev
1942 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1943 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1944 - - - - - - - - - Runner-Up - -   Evgeny Nikishin
  Boris Arkadyev
1945 1st 2 22 18 3 1 69 23 39 Winner - -   Vsevolod Bobrov 24   Boris Arkadyev
1946 1st 1 22 17 3 2 55 13 37 QF - -   Valentin Nikolayev 16   Boris Arkadyev
1947 1st 1 24 17 6 1 61 16 40 SF - -   Valentin Nikolayev
  Vsevolod Bobrov 		14   Boris Arkadyev
1948 1st 1 26 19 3 4 82 30 41 Winner - -   Vsevolod Bobrov 23   Boris Arkadyev
1949 1st 2 34 22 7 5 86 30 51 SF - -   Grigory Fedotov 18   Boris Arkadyev
1950 1st 1 36 20 13 3 91 31 53 SF - - Boris Koverznev 21   Boris Arkadyev
1951 1st 1 28 18 7 3 53 19 43 Winner - -   Alexei Grinin
  Vyacheslav Solovyov 		10   Boris Arkadyev
1952 - - - - - - - - - - - LC Winner   Boris Arkadyev
1953 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1954 1st 6 24 8 8 8 30 29 24 QF - - Viktor Fyodorov 6   Grigory Pinaichev
1955 1st 3 22 12 7 3 35 20 31 Winner - - Valentin Yemyshev
Yuri Belyaev 		8   Grigory Pinaichev
1956 1st 3 22 10 5 7 40 32 25 - - - Yuri Belyaev 15   Grigory Pinaichev
1957 1st 5 22 12 2 8 51 31 27 SF - -   Vasily Buzunov 16   Grigory Pinaichev
1958 1st 3 22 9 9 4 40 25 27 R16 - -   German Apukhtin 10   Boris Arkadyev
1959 1st 9 22 8 3 11 29 27 19 - - -   German Apukhtin 9   Boris Arkadyev
1960 1st 6 30 15 2 13 45 35 32 R16 - - Vladimir Streshniy 12   Grigory Pinaichev
1961 1st 4 30 16 6 8 61 43 38 R64 - -   Alexei Mamykin 18   Konstantin Beskov
1962 1st 4 32 14 12 6 39 22 40 R32 - -   Vladimir Fedotov 6   Konstantin Beskov
1963 1st 7 38 14 17 7 39 27 45 R32 - -   Vladimir Fedotov 8   Vyacheslav Solovyov
1964 1st 3 32 16 11 5 49 23 43 QF - -   Vladimir Fedotov 16   Vyacheslav Solovyov
  Valentin Nikolayev
1965 1st 3 32 14 10 8 38 24 38 R16 - - Boris Kazakov 15   Valentin Nikolayev
1966 1st 5 36 16 9 11 60 45 41 R32 - - Boris Kazakov 15   Sergei Shaposhnikov
1967 1st 9 36 12 12 12 35 35 36 Runner-Up - - Taras Shulyatitsky 6   Sergei Shaposhnikov
  Alexei Kalinin
  Vsevolod Bobrov
1968 1st 4 38 20 10 8 50 30 50 R16 - -   Vladimir Polikarpov 10   Vsevolod Bobrov
1969 1st 6 32 13 11 8 25 18 37 SF - - Berador Abduraimov 7   Vsevolod Bobrov
1970 1st 1 32 20 5 7 46 17 45 R16 - -   Boris Kopeikin 15   Valentin Nikolayev
1971 1st 12 30 7 12 11 34 36 26 R16 EC R2 -   Boris Kopeikin 8   Valentin Nikolayev
1972 1st 5 30 15 4 11 37 33 34 SF - -   Vladimir Polikarpov
Vladimir Dorofeev
Wilhelm Tellinger 		6   Valentin Nikolayev
1973 1st 10 30 10 9 11 33 36 25 QF - - Vladimir Dorofeev 9   Valentin Nikolayev
1974 1st 13 30 7 12 11 28 33 26 R16 - -   Vladimir Fedotov
Yuri Smirnov 		5   Vladimir Agapov
1975 1st 13 30 6 13 11 29 36 25 SF - -   Boris Kopeikin 13   Anatoly Tarasov
1976(s) 1st 7 15 5 5 5 20 16 15 - - -   Boris Kopeikin 6   Alexei Mamykin
1976(a) 1st 7 15 5 5 5 21 16 15 QF - -   Boris Kopeikin 8   Alexei Mamykin
1977 1st 14 30 5 17 8 28 39 27 R16 - -   Yuri Chesnokov 12   Alexei Mamykin
  Vsevolod Bobrov
1978 1st 6 30 14 4 12 36 40 32 R16 - - Aleksei Belenkov 8   Vsevolod Bobrov
1979 1st 8 34 12 8 14 46 46 32 SF - -   Yuri Chesnokov 16   Sergei Shaposhnikov
1980 1st 5 34 13 12 9 36 32 36 R16 - -   Alexandr Tarkhanov 14   Oleg Bazilevich
1981 1st 6 34 14 9 11 39 33 37 R16 UC R1 -   Yuri Chesnokov 9   Oleg Bazilevich
1982 1st 15 34 10 9 15 41 46 29 Qualifying - -   Alexandr Tarkhanov 16   Oleg Bazilevich
  Albert Shesternev
1983 1st 12 34 11 12 11 37 33 32 SF - - Viktor Kolyadko 13   Albert Shesternev
1984 1st 18 34 5 9 20 24 55 19 QF - - Gennady Shtromberger 4   Yury Morozov
1985 2nd 2 42 21 14 7 81 37 56 QF - -   Valeri Shmarov 29   Yury Morozov
1986 2nd 1 47 27 9 11 65 35 63 R32 - - Sergei Berezin 19   Yury Morozov
1987 1st 15 30 7 11 12 26 35 24 Winner - -   Vladimir Tatarchuk   Yury Morozov
1988 2nd 3 42 23 10 9 69 35 56 Winner - -   Valery Masalitin 16   Sergei Shaposhnikov
1989 2nd 1 42 27 10 5 113 28 64 R128 - -   Valery Masalitin 32   Pavel Sadyrin
1990 1st 2 24 13 5 6 43 26 31 SF - -   Valery Masalitin /   Igor Korneev 8   Pavel Sadyrin
1991 1st 1 30 17 9 4 57 32 43 Winner CWC R1 -   Dmitri Kuznetsov 12   Pavel Sadyrin
1992 - - - - - - - - - Runner-Up - -   Pavel Sadyrin

Russia

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Season League Russian Cup Europe Other Top scorer Head Coach
Division Pos P W D L F A Pts Competition Result Competition Result Name Goals
1992 Top League 5 26 13 7 6 46 29 33 Runner-Up CL GS -   Alexandr Grishin 10   Pavel Sadyrin
  Gennadi Kostylev
1993 Top League 9 34 12 6 16 43 45 42 Runner-Up - -   Ilshat Fayzulin
  Oleg Sergeyev 		8   Gennadi Kostylev
  Boris Kopeikin
1994 Top League 10 30 8 10 12 30 32 26 Round of 16 CWC 1R -   Ilshat Fayzulin
  Oleg Sergeyev 		5   Boris Kopeikin
  Alexandr Tarkhanov
1995 Top League 6 30 16 5 9 56 34 53 Quarter-finals - -   Dmitry Karsakov 10   Alexandr Tarkhanov
1996 Top League 5 34 20 6 8 58 35 66 Round of 16 UC 1R -   Dmitry Khokhlov
  Aleksei Gerasimov 		10   Alexandr Tarkhanov
1997 Top League 12 34 11 9 14 31 42 42 Quarter-finals - -   Vladimir Kulik 9   Pavel Sadyrin
1998 Top Division 2 30 17 5 8 50 22 56 Semi-finals - -   Vladimir Kulik 14   Pavel Sadyrin
  Oleg Dolmatov
1999 Top Division 3 30 15 10 5 56 29 55 Runner-Up CL 2QR -   Vladimir Kulik 14   Oleg Dolmatov
2000 Top Division 8 30 12 5 13 45 39 41 Round of 16 UC 1R -   Vladimir Kulik 10   Oleg Dolmatov
  Pavel Sadyrin
2001 Top Division 7 30 12 11 7 39 30 47 Winner - -   Predrag Ranđelović 8   Pavel Sadyrin
  Aleksandr Kuznetsov
2002 Premier League 2 30 21 3 6 60 27 66 Round of 32 UC 1R -   Rolan Gusev
  Dmitry Kirichenko 		15   Valery Gazzaev
2003 Premier League 1 30 17 8 5 56 32 59 Quarter-finals CL 2QR RSC Runner-Up   Rolan Gusev 9   Valery Gazzaev
2004 Premier League 2 30 17 9 4 53 22 60 Winner CL GS RSC Winner   Ivica Olić
  Vágner Love
  Dmitry Kirichenko 		9   Artur Jorge
  Valery Gazzaev
2005 Premier League 1 30 18 8 4 48 20 62 Winner UC
UC
Winner

GS 		USC Runner-up   Ivica Olić 10   Valery Gazzaev
2006 Premier League 1 30 17 7 6 47 28 58 Round of 16 CL GS RSC Winner   Jô 14   Valery Gazzaev
2007 Premier League 3 30 14 11 5 43 24 53 Winner UC
CL 		R32
GS 		RSC Winner   Jô
  Vágner Love 		13   Valery Gazzaev
2008 Premier League 2 30 16 8 6 53 24 56 Winner UC R16 -   Vágner Love 20   Valery Gazzaev
2009 Premier League 5 30 16 4 10 48 30 52 Round of 32 CL QF RSC Winner   Miloš Krasić
  Tomáš Necid 		9   Zico
  Juande Ramos
  Leonid Slutsky
2010 Premier League 2 30 18 8 4 51 22 59 Winner EL R16 RSC Runner-up   Vágner Love 9   Leonid Slutsky
2011–12 Premier League 3 44 19 9 16 72 47 73 Round of 32 CL R16 RSC Runner-up   Seydou Doumbia 28   Leonid Slutsky
2012–13 Premier League 1 30 20 4 6 49 25 64 Winner EL PO -   Ahmed Musa 11   Leonid Slutsky
2013–14 Premier League 1 30 20 4 6 49 26 64 Semi-finals CL GS RSC Winner   Seydou Doumbia 18   Leonid Slutsky
2014–15 Premier League 2 30 19 3 8 67 27 60 Semi-finals CL GS RSC Winner   Roman Eremenko 13   Leonid Slutsky
2015–16 Premier League 1 30 20 5 5 51 25 65 Runner-Up CL GS -   Ahmed Musa 13   Leonid Slutsky
2016–17 Premier League 2 30 18 8 4 47 15 62 Round of 32 CL GS RSC Runner-up   Fyodor Chalov
  Bibras Natcho
  Vitinho 		6   Leonid Slutsky
  Viktor Goncharenko
2017–18 Premier League 2 30 17 7 6 49 23 58 Round of 32 CL
EL 		GS
QF 		-   Vitinho 10   Viktor Goncharenko
2018–19 Premier League 4 30 14 9 7 46 23 51 Round of 32 CL GS RSC Winner   Fyodor Chalov 15   Viktor Goncharenko
2019–20 Premier League 4 30 14 8 8 43 29 50 Quarter-finals EL GS -   Nikola Vlašić 12   Viktor Goncharenko
2020–21 Premier League 6 30 15 5 10 51 33 50 Semi-finals EL GS -   Nikola Vlašić 11   Viktor Goncharenko
  Ivica Olić

CSKA in European football

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Main article: PFC CSKA Moscow in European football
As of match played 10 December 2020

By competition

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Competition P W D L GS GA %W
European Cup / UEFA Champions League 104 34 24 46 125 155 032.69
UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 69 31 18 20 97 67 044.93
Cup Winners' Cup 4 2 0 2 5 5 050.00
UEFA Super Cup 1 0 0 1 1 3 000.00
Total 178 67 42 69 228 230 037.64

UEFA club coefficient ranking

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As of 21 September 2023. Source: UEFA Coefficients
Rank Team Points
183   Randers 7.000
184   Anorthosis 7.000
185   CSKA Moscow 7.000
186   Adana Demirspor 2.500
187   Konyaspor 2.000

Football Club Elo ranking

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As of 29 August 2024[34]
Rank Team Points
128   Lorient 1574
129   Shakhtar Donetsk 1573
130   CSKA Moscow 1571
131   SD Eibar 1571
132   Hamburg 1571

Players

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Current squad

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As of 26 September 2024[35]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
3 DF   RUS Danil Krugovoy
4 DF   BRA Willyan Rocha
5 MF   SRB Saša Zdjelar
6 MF   RUS Maksim Mukhin
8 FW   BLR Artyom Shumansky
9 FW   VEN Saúl Guarirapa (on loan from Sochi)
10 MF   RUS Ivan Oblyakov
11 FW   RUS Tamerlan Musayev
13 DF   BRA Khellven
14 MF   RUS Yegor Ushakov
15 MF   BIH Miralem Pjanić
17 MF   RUS Kirill Glebov
19 MF   RUS Rifat Zhemaletdinov
20 FW   MLI Sékou Koïta
No. Pos. Nation Player
21 MF   UZB Abbosbek Fayzullaev
22 DF   SRB Milan Gajić
23 GK   RUS Ilya Pomazun
25 MF   CRO Kristijan Bistrović
27 DF   BRA Moisés
31 MF   RUS Matvey Kislyak
35 GK   RUS Igor Akinfeev (captain)
45 GK   RUS Danila Bokov
46 FW   RUS Vladislav Yakovlev
49 GK   RUS Vladislav Torop
77 DF   RUS Ilya Agapov
78 DF   RUS Igor Diveyev
90 DF   RUS Matvey Lukin

Out on loan

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As of 12 September 2024[36]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
— GK   RUS Vladimir Shaykhutdinov (at Volga Ulyanovsk until 30 June 2025)
— DF   BRA Bruno Fuchs (at Atlético Mineiro until 31 December 2024)
— DF   RUS Yegor Noskov (at SKA-Khabarovsk until 30 June 2025)
— DF   IRN Amirhossein Reyvandi (at Bukhara until 31 December 2024)
— DF   RUS Mikhail Ryadno (at Rodina Moscow until 31 December 2024)
No. Pos. Nation Player
— MF   ALG Sid Ahmed Aissaoui (at Sheriff Tiraspol until 30 June 2025)
— MF   RUS Renat Golybin (at Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk until 30 June 2025)
— MF   CHI Víctor Méndez (at Krylia Sovetov Samara until 30 June 2025)
— MF   RUS Andrey Savinov (at Tyumen until 30 June 2025)
— FW   ARG Adolfo Gaich (at Antalyaspor until 30 June 2025)

Retired numbers

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Notable players

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Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for CSKA.

USSR/Russia
Europe
South America
Africa
Asia

Club officials

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Administration[37] Coaching staff (senior team)[38] Coaching staff (U-21 team)[39]
  • President –   Yevgeni Giner
  • General director –   Roman Babayev
  • Executive director –   Dmitry Egorov
  • Commercial director –   Andrey Zarubyan
  • Head coach –   Dmitriy Igdisamov
  • Assistant coach –   Maksim Bokov
  • Fitness coach –   Aleksandr Driga

Coaching history

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As of match played 24 July 2022
Nationality Name From To Duration P W D L Win %
  Soviet Union Pavel Khalkiopov 1936 1936
  Soviet Union Mikhail Rushchinsky 1937 1939
  Soviet Union Sergey Bukhteyev 1940 1941
  Soviet Union Pyotr Yezhov 1941 1941
  Soviet Union Yevgeni Nikishin 1942 1944
  Soviet Union Boris Arkadyev 1944 1952
  Soviet Union Grigori Pinaichev 1954 1957
  Soviet Union Boris Arkadyev 1958 1959
  Soviet Union Grigori Pinaichev 1959 1960
  Soviet Union Konstantin Beskov 1961 1962
  Soviet Union Vyacheslav Solovyov 1963 1964
  Soviet Union Valentin Nikolayev 1964 1965
  Soviet Union Sergei Shaposhnikov 1966 1967
  Soviet Union Vsevolod Bobrov 1967 1969
  Soviet Union Valentin Nikolayev 1970 1973
  Soviet Union Vladimir Agapov 1973 1974
  Soviet Union Anatoly Tarasov 1975 1975
  Soviet Union Aleksei Mamykin 1976 1977
  Soviet Union Vsevolod Bobrov 1977 1978
  Soviet Union Sergei Shaposhnikov 1979 1979
  Soviet Union Oleh Bazylevych 1980 1982
  Soviet Union Albert Shesternyov 1982 1983
  Soviet Union Sergei Shaposhnikov 1983 1983
  Soviet Union Yury Morozov 1984 1987
  Soviet Union Sergei Shaposhnikov 1987 1988
  Soviet Union
  Russia 		Pavel Sadyrin 1989 1992
  Russia Gennadi Kostylev 1992 1993
  Russia Boris Kopeykin 1993 1994
  Russia Aleksandr Tarkhanov 5 July 1994 23 January 1997 2 years, 202 days 91 47 18 26 51.65
  Russia Pavel Sadyrin 23 January 1997 2 July 1998 1 year, 160 days 54 16 16 22 29.63
  Russia Oleg Dolmatov 2 July 1998 29 May 2000 1 year, 332 days 65 39 12 15 60
  Russia Pavel Sadyrin 1 July 2000 2 October 2001 1 year, 93 days 24 12 3 9 50
  Russia Valery Gazzaev 2 October 2001 24 November 2003 2 years, 53 days 80 48 14 18 60
  Portugal Artur Jorge 24 November 2003 12 July 2004 231 days 20 9 7 4 45
  Russia Valery Gazzaev 12 July 2004 22 November 2008 4 years, 133 days 213 119 52 42 55.87
  Brazil Zico 9 January 2009 10 September 2009 244 days 28 14 5 9 50
  Spain Juande Ramos 10 September 2009 26 October 2009 46 days 9 4 1 4 44.44
  Russia Leonid Slutsky 26 October 2009 7 December 2016[18] 7 years, 42 days 287 160 57 70 55.75
  Belarus Viktor Goncharenko 12 December 2016[19] 22 March 2021[21] 4 years, 100 days 183 92 40 51 50.27
  Croatia Ivica Olić 23 March 2021[22] 15 June 2021[23] 84 days 9 4 1 4 44.44
  Russia Aleksei Berezutski 15 June 2021[23][24] 15 June 2022[29] 1 year, 0 days 34 18 5 11 52.94
  Russia Vladimir Fedotov 15 June 2022[30] Present 2 years, 157 days 2 2 0 0 100

Ownerships, kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

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Period Kit manufacturers Shirt sponsor Owners
1980–1990 Adidas None Soviet MOD and then Russian MOD
through CSKA Moscow society
1991–1994 Umbro
1995–1996 Nike
1997–1999 Adidas
2000–2003 Umbro Bluecastle Enterprises Ltd. (Yevgeni Giner)
2004 Konti
2004–2005 Sibneft
2006–2008 VTB Bank
2009 Reebok Aeroflot
2010–2012 Bashneft
2012–2013 Adidas Aeroflot
2013–2018 Rosseti
2018–2020 Umbro
2020–2023 Joma ICS Holding VEB.RF
2023–present Gold'n Apotheka

Supporters and rivalries

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See also: Main Moscow derby
 
CSKA Moscow fans

CSKA Moscow fans maintain good relations with the fans of Serbian Partizan, Greek PAOK FC, Bulgarian CSKA Sofia, Polish Widzew Łódź and fellow Russian fans of Dynamo Moscow.[40][41] The Club's main rival is Spartak Moscow.[42]

Nickname

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CSKA was nicknamed Horses because the first stadium was built on the old racecourse/hippodromo in Moscow.[43] It was considered offensive, but later it was transformed into The Horses, and currently this nickname is used by players and fans as the name, along with other variants such as Army Men (Russian: армейцы) and Red-Blues (Russian: красно-синие).

Famous fans

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Club records

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Appearances

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Igor Akinfeev with the most appearances for CSKA at 751
As of 19 June 2024
Name Years League Cup Europe Other1 Total
1   Igor Akinfeev 2003–present 568 (0) 53 (0) 132 (0) 14 (0) 767 (0)[68]
2   Sergei Ignashevich 2004–2018 381 (35) 39 (6) 111 (5) 9 (0) 540 (46)[69]
3   Vasili Berezutski 2002–2018 376 (9) 40 (0) 105 (4) 10 (0) 531 (13)[70]
4   Aleksei Berezutski 2001–2018 341 (8) 46 (0) 106 (3) 9 (0) 502 (11)[71]
5   Vladimir Fedotov 1960–1975 382 (92) 42 (8) 3 (0) 0 (0) 427 (100)
6   Alan Dzagoev 2008–2022 282 (55) 32 (5) 78 (17) 5 (0) 397 (77)[72]
7   Vladimir Polikarpov 1962–1974 341 (75) 38 (8) 4 (0) 0 (0) 383 (83)
9   Georgi Shchennikov 2008–2023 257 (6) 23 (1) 74 (3) 7 (0) 367 (10)[73]
8   Deividas Šemberas 2002–2012 254 (1) 37 (0) 70 (0) 6 (1) 367 (2)[74]
10   Elvir Rahimić 2001–2014 240 (6) 36 (0) 64 (0) 7 (0) 347 (6)[75]
11   Dmitri Bagrich 1958–1970 313 (1) 18 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 331 (1)[76]
12     Dmitri Galiamin 1981–1991 299 (3) 29 (3) 2 (0) 0 (0) 330 (6)[77]
13   Sergei Semak 1994–2004 282 (68) 25 (9) 21 (6) 1 (0) 329 (84)[78]
14   Mario Fernandes 2012–2022 259 (9) 19 (2) 48 (0) 3 (0) 329 (11)
15   Volodymyr Kaplychnyi 1966–1975 288 (5) 35 (1) 4 (0) 0 (0) 327 (6)
16   Kirill Nababkin 2009–2024 237 (4) 39 (0) 43 (1) 5 (0) 324 (5)
17     Dmitri Kuznetsov 1984–1991, 1992, 1997–1998 292 (49) 29 (5) 2 (0) 0 (0) 323 (54)[79]
18   Evgeni Aldonin 2004–2013 213 (6) 31 (5) 66 (2) 5 (0) 315 (13)[80]
19   Albert Shesternyov 1959–1972 278 (1) 23 (0) 4 (0) 0 (0) 305 (1)
20   Aleksey Grinin 1939–1952 246 (82) 34 (18) 0 (0) 13 (4) 293 (104)[81]

1Includes Russian Super Cup, Russian Premier League Cup and UEFA Super Cup.

Top goalscorers

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As of 19 June 2024
 
Vagner Love scored 124 goals in 259 games during his CSKA career
Name Years League Cup Europe Other1 Total
1   Grigory Fedotov 1938–1949 128 (160) 10 (18) 0 (0) 18 (23) 161 (196)[82]
2   Vágner Love 2004–2011, 2013 85 (169) 8 (27) 30 (57) 1 (6) 124 (259)[83]
3   Valentin Nikolayev 1940–1952 81 (201) 23 (36) 0 (0) 14 (16) 118 (253)[84]
4   Aleksey Grinin 1939-1952 82 (246) 18 (34) 0 (0) 4 (13) 104 (293)
5   Vsevolod Bobrov 1945–1949 84 (79) 18 (20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 102 (99)[85]
6   Vladimir Fedotov 1960–1975 92 (382) 8 (42) 0 (3) 0 (0) 100 (427)[86]
7   Vladimir Dyomin 1941-1952, 1954 80 (195) 15 (35) 0 (0) 3 (8) 98 (238)[87]
8   Seydou Doumbia 2010–2014, 2015 66 (108) 5 (11) 23 (30) 1 (1) 95 (150)[88]
9   Boris Kopeikin 1969-1977 71 (223) 21 (37) 2 (4) 0 (0) 94 (264)
10   Fyodor Chalov 2016–present 76 (197) 9 (32) 4 (30) 0 (2) 89 (261)
11   Yuri Chesnokov 1975–1983 72 (252) 14 (35) 1 (2) 0 (0) 87 (289)
12   Sergei Semak 1994–2004 68 (282) 9 (25) 6 (21) 0 (1) 84 (329)[78]
13   Vladimir Polikarpov 1962-1974 75 (341) 8 (38) 0 (4) 0 (0) 83 (383)
14   Valeri Masalitin 1987–1989, 1990–1992, 1993 73 (134) 5 (20) 0 (2) 0 (0) 78 (156)
15   Alan Dzagoev 2008–2022 55 (282) 5 (32) 17 (78) 0 (5) 77 (397)[72]
16   Aleksandr Tarkhanov 1976–1984 61 (249) 10 (33) 1 (2) 0 (0) 72 (284)
17   Vladimir Kulik 1997–2001 49 (140) 14 (18) 0 (4) - (-) 63 (162)[89]
18   Ahmed Musa 2012–2016, 2018 48 (135) 6 (15) 7 (32) 0 (2) 61 (184)[90]
19     Igor Korneev 1985–1991 48 (144) 9 (20) 0 (2) 0 (0) 57 (166)
20     Dmitri Kuznetsov 1984–1991, 1992, 1997–1998 49 (292) 5 (29) 0 (2) 0 (0) 54 (323)

1Includes Russian Super Cup, Russian Premier League Cup and UEFA Super Cup.

CSKA Women

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Main article: ZFK CSKA Moscow

CSKA's women's football team was founded in 1990 and competed in Soviet Championship's second level. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union that same year, it registered in the Russian Supreme Division, where it competed for two seasons before it folded.

Following the disbanding of Zorky Krasnogorsk near the end of the 2015 Top Division, FK Rossiyanka filled its vacancy for the next season and the new team was registered as CSKA in the 2016 championship. Its first game, a 1–1 draw against Chertanovo, coincided with the 93rd anniversary of the CSKA's first football match.[91] CSKA ended the championship second-to-last, while Rossiyanka won its fifth title.

In July 2017, during the inter-season summer pause, it became a CSKA official section.[92] Two months later the team won its first title after defeating Chertanovo 1–0 in the Russian Cup final.

In recent years CSKA Women won two Russian championships in a row, in 2019 and 2020 and made their debut in UEFA Women's Champions League.

FC CSKA-d Moscow and FC CSKA-2 Moscow

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The reserves team played on the professional level as FC CSKA-d Moscow (Russian Second League in 1992–93, Russian Third League in 1994–97, Russian Second Division in 1998–00, in 1998–00 team was called FC CSKA-2 Moscow). A separate farm club called FC CSKA-2 Moscow played in the Soviet Second League in 1986–89, Soviet Second League B in 1990–91, Russian Second League in 1992–93 and Russian Third League in 1994. That latter team was called FC Chaika-CSKA-2 Moscow for one season in 1989.

Notes

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  1. ^ In 1991, MacAsyng Holding BV was registered at the same address as RijnHove Groep's Amsterdam offices which is a law firm established in 1989 with offices in the Netherlands, Belgium, the British Virgin Islands (BVI), Curaçao, and Bonaire specializing in trust and fiduciary services, accounting outsourcing, and tax consulting. MacAsyng Holding has as its director Alexander Rene Garez, who was born in 1968, lives in Paris, and has the same telephone number as the Moscow law firm "Sieberg Shtabright Garez". Alexander Garez has represented the British firm Bluecastle Enterprises Ltd since 5 October 2000 and Parkhage BV since 14 November 2002.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

References

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  2. ^ Грузинова, Ирина; Васильев, Иван; Петрова, Ольга (31 July 2016). "На чем зарабатывает президент ЦСКА Евгений Гинер: "Новые Лужники", новые офисы, СП с госкомпаниями, но главный актив – хорошая репутация" [What makes the president of CSKA Evgeny Giner: "Novye Luzhniki", new offices, a joint venture with state-owned companies, but the main asset is a good reputation]. Vedomosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Акционеры ПФК ЦСКА выкупили у Министерства обороны четверть акций клуба за 353 тысячи долларов". cskainfo.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  4. ^ "Frans M J van Rijn - Company Owner InnoGroup BV - UDG energy | LinkedIn". Archived from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
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Bibliography

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  • Marc Bennetts, 'Football Dynamo – Modern Russia and the People's Game,' Virgin Books, (March 2009), 0753513196
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