This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
The Calgary corpus is a collection of text and binary data files, commonly used for comparing data compression algorithms. It was created by Ian Witten, Tim Bell and John Cleary from the University of Calgary in 1987 and was commonly used in the 1990s. In 1997 it was replaced by the Canterbury corpus,[1] based on concerns about how representative the Calgary corpus was,[2] but the Calgary corpus still exists for comparison and is still useful for its originally intended purpose.
Contents
editIn its most commonly used form, the corpus consists of 14 files totaling 3,141,622 bytes as follows.
| Size (bytes) | File name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 111,261 | BIB | ASCII text in UNIX "refer" format – 725 bibliographic references. |
| 768,771 | BOOK1 | unformatted ASCII text – Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd. |
| 610,856 | BOOK2 | ASCII text in UNIX "troff" format – Witten: Principles of Computer Speech. |
| 102,400 | GEO | 32 bit numbers in IBM floating point format – seismic data. |
| 377,109 | NEWS | ASCII text – USENET batch file on a variety of topics. |
| 21,504 | OBJ1 | VAX executable program – compilation of PROGP. |
| 246,814 | OBJ2 | Macintosh executable program – "Knowledge Support System" of B.R. Gaines. |
| 53,161 | PAPER1 | UNIX "troff" format – Witten, Neal, Cleary: Arithmetic Coding for Data Compression. |
| 82,199 | PAPER2 | UNIX "troff" format – Witten: Computer (in)security. |
| 513,216 | PIC | 1728 x 2376 bitmap image (MSB first): text in French and line diagrams. |
| 39,611 | PROGC | Source code in C – UNIX compress v4.0. |
| 71,646 | PROGL | Source code in Lisp – system software. |
| 49,379 | PROGP | Source code in Pascal – program to evaluate PPM compression. |
| 93,695 | TRANS | ASCII and control characters – transcript of a terminal session. |
There is also a less commonly used 18 file version which include 4 additional text files in UNIX "troff" format, PAPER3 through PAPER6. The maintainers of the Canterbury corpus website notes that "they don't add to the evaluation".[3]
Benchmarks
editThe Calgary corpus was a commonly used benchmark for data compression in the 1990s. Results were most commonly listed in bits per byte (bpb) for each file and then summarized by averaging. More recently, it has been common to just add the compressed sizes of all of the files. This is called a weighted average because it is equivalent to weighting the compression ratios by the original file sizes. The UCLC benchmark[4] by Johan de Bock uses this method.
For some data compressors it is possible to compress the corpus smaller by combining the inputs into an uncompressed archive (such as a tar file) before compression because of mutual information between the text files. In other cases, the compression is worse because the compressor handles nonuniform statistics poorly. This method was used in a benchmark in the online book Data Compression Explained by Matt Mahoney.[5]
The table below shows the compressed sizes of the 14 file Calgary corpus using both methods for some popular compression programs. Options, when used, select best compression. For a more complete list, see the above benchmarks.
| Compressor | Options | As 14 separate files | As a tar file |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncompressed | 3,141,622 | 3,152,896 | |
| compress | 1,272,772 | 1,319,521 | |
| Info-ZIP 2.32 | -9 | 1,020,781 | 1,023,042 |
| gzip 1.3.5 | -9 | 1,017,624 | 1,022,810 |
| bzip2 1.0.3 | -9 | 828,347 | 860,097 |
| 7-zip 9.12b | 848,687 | 824,573 | |
| bzip3 1.1.8 | 765,939 | 779,795 | |
| ppmd Jr1 | -m256 -o16 | 740,737 | 754,243 |
| ppmonstr J | 675,485 | 669,497 | |
| ZPAQ v7.15 | -method 5 | 659,709 | 659,853 |
Compression challenge
editThe "Calgary corpus Compression and SHA-1 crack Challenge"[6] is a contest started by Leonid A. Broukhis on May 21, 1996 to compress the 14 file version of the Calgary corpus. The contest offers a small cash prize which has varied over time. Currently the prize is US $1 per 111 byte improvement over the previous result.
According to the rules of the contest, an entry must consist of both the compressed data and the decompression program packed into one of several standard archive formats. Time and memory limits, archive formats, and decompression languages have been relaxed over time. Currently the program must run within 24 hours on a 2000 MIPS machine under Windows or Linux and use less than 800 MB memory. An SHA-1 challenge was later added. It allows the decompression program to output files different from the Calgary corpus as long as they hash to the same values as the original files. So far, that part of the challenge has not been met.
The first entry received was 759,881 bytes in September, 1997 by Malcolm Taylor, author of RK and WinRK. The most recent entry was 580,170 bytes by Alexander Ratushnyak on July 2, 2010. The entry consists of a compressed file of size 572,465 bytes and a decompression program written in C++ and compressed to 7700 bytes as a PPMd var. I archive, plus 5 bytes for the compressed file name and size. The history is as follows.
| Size (bytes) | Month/year | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 759,881 | 09/1997 | Malcolm Taylor |
| 692,154 | 08/2001 | Maxim Smirnov |
| 680,558 | 09/2001 | Maxim Smirnov |
| 653,720 | 11/2002 | Serge Voskoboynikov |
| 645,667 | 01/2004 | Matt Mahoney |
| 637,116 | 04/2004 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
| 608,980 | 12/2004 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
| 603,416 | 04/2005 | Przemysław Skibiński |
| 596,314 | 10/2005 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
| 593,620 | 12/2005 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
| 589,863 | 05/2006 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
| 580,170 | 07/2010 | Alexander Ratushnyak |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ian H. Witten; Alistair Moffat; Timothy C. Bell (1999). Managing Gigabytes: Compressing and Indexing Documents and Images. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 92. ISBN 9781558605701.
- ^ Salomon, David (2007). Data Compression: The Complete Reference (Fourth ed.). Springer. p. 12. ISBN 9781846286032.
- ^ "The Canterbury Corpus". corpus.canterbury.ac.nz.
- ^ "UC Learning Center". 6 January 2023.
- ^ "Data Compression Explained". mattmahoney.net.
- ^ "The Compression/SHA-1 Challenge". mailcom.com.