Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Myanmar

(Redirected from Cambodia-Myanmar relations)

Historically strained, Myanmar's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have improved since 2012. Relations became strained once more in 2017 with the Rohingya genocide and due to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[1][2] Myanmar (also known as Burma) has generally maintained warmer relations with near states and is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Diplomatic relations

edit

List of countries which Myanmar maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
Country[3][4] Date
1   United Kingdom 7 July 1947
2   Pakistan 1 August 1947
3   United States 19 September 1947
4   Netherlands 22 December 1947
5   India 4 January 1948
6   Russia 18 February 1948
7   France 28 February 1948
8   Thailand 24 August 1948
9   Sri Lanka 7 June 1949
10   Indonesia 27 December 1949
11   China 8 June 1950
12   Italy 24 November 1950
13   Serbia 29 December 1950
14   Austria 9 July 1953
15   Israel 13 July 1953
16   Australia 1 August 1953
17   Egypt 8 August 1953
18   Belgium 19 September 1953[5]
19   Finland 22 July 1954
20   Germany 3 August 1954
21   Japan 1 December 1954
22   Denmark 22 April 1955
23   Laos 12 July 1955
24   Cambodia 12 July 1955
25   Poland 11 November 1955
26   Czech Republic 3 February 1956
27   Sweden 22 February 1956[6]
28   Hungary 5 March 1956
29   Romania 15 March 1956
30   Bulgaria 16 May 1956
31   Norway 18 May 1956
32   Iraq 23 July 1956
33   Philippines 30 July 1956
34   Mongolia 28 September 1956
35   Afghanistan 8 November 1956
36    Switzerland 1 August 1957[7]
37   Malaysia 1 March 1958
38   Greece 20 March 1958
39   Canada 9 August 1958
40   Turkey 2 September 1958
41   New Zealand 15 November 1958
42     Nepal 3 March 1960
43   Singapore 12 August 1966
44   Spain 11 March 1967
45   Iran 8 August 1968
46   Algeria 15 November 1968
47   Maldives 15 January 1970
48   Nigeria 24 January 1970
49   Bangladesh 21 March 1972
50   Syria 15 June 1972
51   Argentina 28 February 1975
52   South Korea 19 May 1975
53   North Korea 19 May 1975[8]
54   Vietnam 28 May 1975
55   Mexico 1 October 1976
56   Mauritania 5 October 1976
57   Cuba 12 October 1976
58   Portugal 14 November 1976
59   Albania 15 December 1976
60   Costa Rica 8 March 1977
61   Morocco 31 July 1978
62   Mauritius 30 December 1978
63   Chile 22 April 1982
64   Panama 15 July 1982
65   Brazil 1 September 1982
66   Cyprus 15 July 1985
67   Vanuatu 28 January 1987
68   Colombia 28 November 1988
69   Peru 28 August 1989
70   Venezuela 20 November 1990
71   Papua New Guinea 24 July 1991
72   Slovakia 1 January 1993[9]
73   Brunei 21 September 1993
74   Ghana 13 January 1995
75   South Africa 20 April 1995
76   Kenya 26 September 1997
77   Kuwait 16 December 1998
78   Ukraine 19 January 1999
79   Azerbaijan 3 August 1999
80   Georgia 16 August 1999
81   Turkmenistan 26 August 1999
82   Croatia 3 September 1999
83   Belarus 22 September 1999
84   Kazakhstan 23 September 1999
85   Tajikistan 29 September 1999
86   Jamaica 6 December 1999
87   Kyrgyzstan 9 November 2000
88   Uzbekistan 8 February 2001
89   Uruguay 22 February 2001
90   North Macedonia 9 July 2003
91   Ireland 10 February 2004
92   Sudan 20 May 2004
93   Saudi Arabia 25 August 2004
94   Qatar 26 September 2005
95   East Timor 26 September 2006
96   Montenegro 27 November 2006
97   Slovenia 18 December 2006
98   Andorra 11 February 2009
99   Zimbabwe 27 August 2009
100   Bahrain 10 November 2009
101   Fiji 10 May 2010
102   Oman 14 December 2010
103   Gambia 13 January 2011
104   Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 August 2011
105   Malawi 30 January 2012
106   Bhutan 1 February 2012
107   Luxembourg 31 July 2012
108   Latvia 26 September 2012
109   Estonia 26 September 2012
110   Iceland 19 December 2012
111   Armenia 31 January 2013
112   Angola 19 September 2013
113   Lithuania 8 October 2013
114   Ethiopia 28 December 2015
115   Malta 5 April 2017
116   Ecuador 6 April 2017
117   Marshall Islands 21 April 2017
118   Liberia 5 May 2017
—   Holy See 5 May 2017
119   Guinea 6 June 2017
120   Seychelles 12 July 2017
121   Benin 2 July 2019
122   Togo 31 July 2019
123   Nicaragua 6 August 2020
124   United Arab Emirates 9 November 2020
125   Guinea-Bissau 6 March 2023[10]

Europe and America

edit

The United States has placed broad sanctions on Myanmar because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People's Assembly election. Similarly, the European Union has placed embargoes on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.[11]

US and European government sanctions against the military government, alongside boycotts and other types of direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from Myanmar of most US and many European companies. However, several Western companies remain due to loopholes in the sanctions.[12] Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction.

The French oil company TotalEnergies is able to operate the Yadana natural gas pipeline from Myanmar to Thailand despite the European Union's sanctions on Myanmar. TotalEnergies is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of Burman civilian slavery to construct the named pipeline. Experts[who?] say that the human rights abuses along the gas pipeline are the direct responsibility of TotalEnergies and its American partner Chevron Corporation[citation needed] with aid and implementation by the Tatmadaw. Prior to its acquisition by Chevron, Unocal settled a similar human rights lawsuit for a reported multimillion-dollar amount.[13] There remains active debate as to the extent to which the American-led sanctions have had adverse effects on the civilian population or on the military rulers.[14][15]

Armenia

edit

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2013.

Belarus

edit
 
Myanmar delegation at MILEX-2021 military exhibition. Minsk, Belarus
 
Myanmar delegation at MILEX-2021 military exhibition. Minsk, Belarus
Main article: Belarus-Myanmar relations

Belarus and Myanmar established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1999.[16] In December 2011, prime minister of Belarus Mikhail Myasnikovich made on official visit to Myanmar.[16]

In 2021, Belarus was the only country to vote against UN General Assembly resolution calling Myanmar military to stop violence, release arrested protesters and restore democracy.[17] It was assumed that Belarusian support for Myanmar military junta was caused by long history of arms trade with Myanmar Army.[17]

Denmark

edit
Main article: Denmark–Myanmar relations

Myanmar is represented in Denmark through its embassy in the United Kingdom,[18] and Denmark is represented in Myanmar through its embassy in Thailand.[19] Diplomatic relations were established in 1955.[20] Relations between the two countries are friendly,[20] but economically, Denmark has the "worst" trade with Myanmar in the European Union.[21]

Development assistance to Myanmar is a top priority of the Danish International Development Agency's engagement in Southeast Asia. 93 million DKK was given to education and healthcare projects.[22] Danish development assistance has focused on promoting democracy and human rights. Denmark was one of the first countries to respond to cyclone Nargis by providing humanitarian assistance to Myanmar.[23] Three Diseases Fund was founded in 2006, and Denmark joined in 2009.[24] Three Diseases Fund helps Myanmar fight HIV and AIDS, and has assisted with 73 million dollars.[25]

Burmese Consul incident

edit

In 1996, the consul in Myanmar for Denmark, James Leander Nichols, was sentenced to three years in jail. The sentence was for illegal possession of two facsimile machines and a telephone switchboard. Two months later, he died in prison. Despite Danish insistence, Burmese authorities refused to allow an independent autopsy.[26] Soon after, the European Union, with Canada, called for a United Nations gathering on the democratisation process.[27][28]

Hungary

edit

In June 2019, Aung San Suu Kyi visited Hungary and meet with the Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. "The two leaders highlighted that one of the greatest challenges at present for both countries and their respective regions – south-east Asia and Europe – is migration", read a statement released after their meeting. it also said "They noted that both regions have seen the emergence of the issue of co-existence with continuously growing Muslim populations".[29][30]

Ireland

edit
See also: Foreign relations of Ireland

The Government of Ireland established diplomatic relations with Myanmar on a non-resident basis on 10 February 2004. The Irish Government was still concerned about the arbitrary detention of the opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[31] Burma Action Ireland is a pro-democracy group that freely operates in the Republic of Ireland.[32][33]

Ireland supported a UN commission of inquiry and international level monitoring of Myanmar after 2008, as part of their efforts to support democracy and human rights movements in Myanmar. This became public knowledge after official papers were leaked in September 2010.[34]

France

edit
Main article: France–Myanmar relations

Franco-Burmese relations go back to the early 18th century, as the French East India Company attempted to extend its influence into Southeast Asia. French involvement started in 1729 when it built a shipyard in the city of Syriam.[35] The 1740 revolt of the Mon against Burmese rule, however, forced the French to depart in 1742.[36] They were able to return to Siam in 1751 when the Mon requested French assistance against the Burmese. A French envoy, Sieur de Bruno was sent to evaluate the situation and help in the defence against the Burmese. French warships were sent to support the Mon rebellion, but in vain. In 1756, the Burmese under Alaungpaya vanquished the Mon. Many French were captured and incorporated into the Burmese Army as an elite gunner corps, under Chevalier Milard. In 1769, official contacts resumed when a trade treaty was signed between King Hsinbyushin and the French East India Company.[37]

Soon after, however, France was convulsed by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, thus allowing overwhelming British influence in Burma. French contacts with Myanmar, effectively a British colony, became almost non-existent. Instead, from the second half of the 19th century, France concentrated on the establishment of French Indochina and the conflicts with China leading to the Sino-French War. Following the end of World War II, ambassador-level diplomatic relationships between France and Burma were established in 1948, soon after the Burmese nation became an independent republic on 4 January 1948, as Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister.[38]

Serbia

edit
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.[39]
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[40]

United Kingdom

edit
Main article: Myanmar–United Kingdom relations

Myanmar established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 7 July 1947.[41]

  • Myanmar maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Myanmar through its embassy in Yangon.[42]

The UK governed Myanmar from 1824 to 1942 and 1945 until 1948, when Myanmar achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[43]

United States

edit
Main article: Myanmar–United States relations
 
Embassy of Myanmar in Washington, D.C.

The political relations between the United States of America and Myanmar began to face major problems following the 1988 military coup and the junta's outbursts of repression against pro-democracy activists. Subsequent repression, including that of protestors in 2007 and 2021, further strain the relationship.[44] In the 2010s, following signs of democratisation and economic liberalisation, the United States lifted sanctions calling for the mending of US relations with Myanmar.[45] The US also re-established ambassador-level relations with Myanmar in 2012 for the first time since 1990.[46] However, the US re-imposed targeted sanctions following the 2017 Rohingya genocide[47] and the 2021 myanmar coup d'état,[48] focusing on individuals and companies involved in atrocities and human rights violations.[49]

Historical relations

edit

In 1988, the United States downgraded its level of representation in Myanmar from Ambassador to Chargé d'Affaires after the Burmese government's lethal crackdown on the 8888 Uprising and its failure to honor the results of the 1990 election.[50] The United States remains one of a few countries to still not recognize the 1989 name change from Burma to Myanmar arguing that the change was made without the consent of the people by the illegitimate 1989 government.[51] The US upgraded its representation back in 2012, appointing Derek Mitchel as Ambassador.[52]

Massachusetts attempted to place sanctions against Burma on its own in 1996 but the concept proved to be contradictory to the US Constitution.[53]

The US government imposed broad sanctions on Myanmar including the 2003 Burma Freedom and Democracy Act, which banned all imports and export of financial services with Myanmar, froze certain Burmese financial institutions' access and increased visa restrictions for Burmese officials.[54] In 2007, the US imposed additional sanctions, including freezing assets of 25 high-ranking officials Burmese government officials through Executive Orders.[55]

 
Thein Sein meets US President Barack Obama in Yangon/Rangoon, the former capital, on 19 November 2012

In 2011, US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, visited Myanmar, the first by a Secretary of State since 1955. Clinton met with President Thein Sein and with then-democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi[45] In 2012, the Clinton announced the US will exchange ambassadors with Myanmar, after a landmark Burmese political prisoner amnesty.[56] President Barack Obama nominated Derek Mitchell to serve as US Ambassador to Myanmar.[57][58]

In July 2012 the United States formally reduced sanctions against Myanmar.[59] and "targeted easing" of sanctions allowing minor US investment.[59]

In 2013, Thein Sein visited the US White House to discuss Myanmar's reforms with President Obama. The two countries later signed a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement.[60]

Recent relations

edit

In October 2017 the United States withdrew military aid to Myanmar units responsible for the displacement of Rohingya in the Rohingya crisis.[61] The US later imposed a blacklist on Maung Maung Soe, chief of the Myanmar army's Western Command responsible for the violence,[62] and commanders directly involved.[63] The United States also provided humanitarian aid to displaced Rohingya refugees.[64] In 2022, the United States formally recognized the Rohingya genocide.[65]

In February 2021, a military coup led by Min Aung Hlaing overthrew Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar. The United States condemned the coup and imposed sanctions on Myanmar military leaders and their business associates.[66][67] In July 2022, the new junta of Myanmar executed four political prisoners,[68] which was met with condemnation from the G7 nations, including the United States.[69] The State Department further pressed China to influence the situation.[70]

In August 2021, as the protests escalated into greater conflict, two Myanmar citizens in the United States were arrested over an alleged plot to hire hitmen to assassinate Kyaw Moe Tun, Myanmar's representative to the United Nations in New York.[71]

In December 2022, The BURMA Act was passed in Congress authorising sanctions on individuals involved in the coup d'état, providing support to civil society and humanitarian assistance as well as creating a position within the State Department dedicated to democracy in Burma.[72][73]

US activities in Myanmar

edit
Main article: CIA activities in Myanmar

On 10 September 2007, the Burmese Government accused the CIA of assassinating a rebel Karen commander from the Karen National Union who wanted to negotiate with the military government.[74]

In 2011, The Guardian newspaper published leaked diplomatic cables information that revealed that the US funded some civil society groups in Myanmar who eventually forced the government to suspend the controversial Chinese Myitsone Dam on the Irrawaddy river.[75]

According to media reports in 2010, the Embassy of the United States in Yangon is the site of an electronic surveillance facility used to monitor telephones and communications networks jointly run by the Special Collection Service.[76]

Diplomatic missions

edit

The US Embassy in Myanmar is located in Yangon, whilst the Burmese diplomatic representation to America is based in Washington, D.C.

Major officials of the US Embassy in Yangon
edit

Source:[77]

  • Ambassador Thomas L. Vajda
  • Deputy Chief of Mission Deborah C. Lynn
  • Political & Affairs Chief Douglas Sonnek
  • Public Affairs Officer Adrienne Nutzman
  • Consular Chief Andrew Webster-Main
  • Management Officer Luther Lindberg
  • Defence Attaché Colonel William Dickey
  • Information Officer Bob Lynn

Russia

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Russia relations

Bilateral relations with the Russian Federation are among the strongest enjoyed by a largely isolated Burma. Russia had established diplomatic relations with Myanmar at independence and these continued after the fall of the Soviet Union. China and Russia once vetoed a U.N. Security Council resolution condemning the Burmese government.[78][79] Today Russia, along with China, remains part of the UN Security Council, which occasionally shields Myanmar from global pressure and criticism, and remains a strong Tatmadaw ally.

Russia maintains an embassy in Yangon whilst Myanmar maintains one in Moscow.

Nuclear centre deal

edit
Main article: Myanmar and weapons of mass destruction

In 2007 Russia and Myanmar engaged in a deal regarding Myanmar's nuclear programme. According to the press release, Russia and Myanmar shall construct a nuclear research centre that 'will comprise a 10 MW light-water reactor working on 20%-enriched uranium-235, an activation analysis laboratory, a medical isotope production laboratory, silicon doping system, nuclear waste treatment and burial facilities'.[80]

Diplomatic missions

edit
  • (in English, Burmese, and Russian) Embassy of Russia in Yangon

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

edit

Myanmar is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and part of ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit. Myanmar agreed to relinquish its turn to hold the rotating ASEAN presidency in 2006 due to others member states' concern of its previous democratic situation.[81]

ASEAN has announced that it shall not provide defence for Myanmar at any international forum regarding the authoritarian junta's refusal to restore democracy. In April 2007, the Malaysian Foreign Ministry parliamentary secretary Ahmad Shabery Cheek said that Malaysia and other ASEAN members had decided not to defend Myanmar if the country was raised for discussion at any international conference. "Now Myanmar has to defend itself if it was bombarded at any international forum," he said when winding up a debate at committee stage for the Foreign Ministry. He was replying to queries from Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang on the next course of action to be taken by Malaysia and Asean with the Burmese military junta. Lim had said Malaysia must play a proactive role in pursuing regional initiatives to bring about a change in Myanmar and support efforts to bring the situation in Myanmar to the UN Security Council's attention.[82] Recently, ASEAN did take a stronger tone with Burma, particularly regards to the detention of now-released Aung San Suu Kyi.[83]

Brunei

edit
Main article: Brunei–Myanmar relations

Brunei has an embassy in Yangon, and Myanmar has an embassy in Gadong.[84] The relations have been established since 21 September 1993.[84]

Malaysia

edit
Main article: Malaysia–Myanmar relations

The relations between the two countries were established on 1 March 1957 and the first Myanmar mission at the legation level was set up in Kuala Lumpur in June 1959 and later raised to the embassy level.[85]

Thailand

edit
See also: Myanmar–Thailand relations

Relations between Myanmar and Thailand focus mainly on economic issues and trade. There is sporadic conflict with Thailand over the alignment of the border.[citation needed] Recently, Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva made it clear that dialogue encouraging political change is a priority for Thailand, but not through economic sanctions. He also publicised intentions to help reconstruct temples damaged in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis.[86] However, there were tensions over detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, with Thailand calling for her release.[87] She was released in 2010.[88] In the Thaksin Shinawatra administration, relations have been characterised by conflicts and confrontations.[89] Border disputes are now coming more prominent and Thailand as disturbed by the imprisonment of Myanmar's dissident Aung San Suu Kyi.

Myanmar has diplomatic offices in Bangkok whilst Thailand maintains an embassy in Yangon.

Philippines

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Philippines relations

Philippines established relations with Myanmar in 1956 and recognised its political name Myanmar. In 2012, Myanmar ranked 3rd to the lowest among the Philippines' trading partners in ASEAN. It only fared better than Cambodia and Laos. The Philippines and Myanmar traded only $47.07 million in 2012. The Philippines grant Burmese citizens visa-free access for 30 days. Myanmar on the other hand signed the visa exemption for Filipinos on 5 December 2013 effective 4 January 2014. The agreement allows Filipinos to stay in Myanmar up to 14 days visa-free.[90]

Cambodia

edit

Burma accorded de jure recognition to the newly sovereign state of Cambodia on August 16, 1954. On January 10, 1955, Burma and Cambodia agreed to establish diplomatic relations, which were maintained with the Lon Nol government after the deposition of Norodom Sihanouk in March 1970. Diplomatic recognition was later transferred to Democratic Kampuchea when Lon Nol's Khmer Republic was overthrown in April 1975.[91]

Indonesia

edit
Main article: Indonesia-Myanmar relations

Burma recognized the Republic of Indonesia as de jure sovereign power of the archipelago on December 27, 1949. A five-year treaty of friendship was signed in Rangoon on March 31, 1951. Indonesian President Sukarno paid his first visit to Rangoon on his way home from a journey to India and Pakistan in 1950.[92]

Singapore

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Singapore relations

Singapore established diplomatic relations with the Union of Burma in 1966. However, it was only in May 1984 that the Embassy was opened in Yangon.[93]

Singapore is one of Myanmar's top investors and trading partners.[94] In the past, Singapore faced scrutiny from Burmese democracy activists, exacerbated by Lee Kuan Yew's comments in 1996.[95] After the 2021 Myanmar coup, Singapore adopted stronger stances against the military regime and pressuring the regime to cooperate with ASEAN's peace plan.[96] However, Singapore continues to be a major source of equipment for the junta's weapons factories.[97]

China

edit
Main article: China–Myanmar relations

The People's Republic of China had poor relations with Myanmar until the late 1980s. Between 1967 and 1970, Burma broke relations with Beijing because of the latter's support for the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).[98] Deng Xiaoping visited Yangon in 1978 and withdrew support for the long running insurgency of the Communist Party of Burma.[98] However, in the early 1950s Burma enjoyed a hot-and-cold relationship with China. Burma's Ba U and U Nu lobbied for China's entry as a permanent member into the UN Security Council, but denounced the invasion of Tibet.[99] China and Burma have had many border disputes, dating long before the British annexation of Burma. The last border dispute occurred in 1956, when the People's Liberation Army occupied disputed areas in northern Burma, but both sides agreed to resolve the issue through negotiations.[100] A border agreement was reached in 1960.[101] In the late 1960s, due to Ne Win's propaganda that the PRC was to blame for crop failures, and the increasing number of ethnic Chinese students supporting Chairman Mao Zedong, by carrying the Quotatians from his books, anti-Chinese riots broke out in June 1967.[102] At the same time, many Sino-Burmese were influenced by the Cultural Revolution in China and began to wear Mao badges.[103] Shops and homes were ransacked and burned. The Chinese government heavily berated the Burmese government and started a war of words, but no other actions were taken. The anti-Chinese riots continued till the early 1970s. However, after 1986, China withdrew support for the CPB[104] and began supplying the military junta with the majority of its arms in exchange for increased access to Burmese markets and a rumoured naval base on Coco Islands in the Andaman Sea. China is supposed to have an intelligence gathering station on the Great Coco Island to monitor Indian naval activity and ISRO & DRDO missile and space launch activities. The influx of Chinese arms turned the tide in Myanmar against the ethnic insurgencies, many of which had relied indirectly on Chinese complicity. As a result, the military junta of Myanmar is highly reliant on the Chinese for their currently high level of power.[citation needed] Myanmar maintains diplomatic offices in Beijing and consular offices in Kunming and Hong Kong, whilst the PRC has a diplomatic mission in Yangon and a consulate in Mandalay.[105]

After 2015, China increased considerably its scope of engagement with Myanmar by playing a more active role in the peace process, developing large infrastructure projects and promoting the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the country.[106]

In July 2019, UN ambassadors from 50 countries, including Myanmar, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region.[107][108]

India

edit
Main article: India–Myanmar relations

Bilateral relations between Myanmar and the Republic of India have improved considerably since 1993, overcoming disagreements related to drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the military junta in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. The proximity of the People's Republic of China give strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometers.[109] India is generally friendly with Myanmar, but is concerned by the flow of tribal refugees and the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi.

As a result of increased Chinese influence in Myanmar as well as the safe haven and arms trafficking occurring along the Indo-Burmese border, India has sought in recent years to refurbish ties with the Union of Burma.[110][111] Numerous economic arrangements have been established including a roadway connecting the isolated provinces of Northeastern India with Mandalay which opens up trade with China, Myanmar, and gives access to the Burmese ports. Relations between India and Myanmar have been strained in the past however due to India's continuing support for the pro-democracy movement in Myanmar.[112]

In an interview on the BBC, George Fernandes, former Indian Defence Minister and prominent Myanmar critic, said that Coco Island was part of India until it was donated to Myanmar by former Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. Coco Island is located at 18 km from the Indian Nicobar Islands.[113]

Myanmar has a fully operating embassy based in New Delhi and India has one in Yangon, the former capital of Myanmar. Like the PRC, the Republic of India maintains a Consulate-General in Mandalay.

The relationship between Myanmar and India has been complicated by allegations that India’s intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), has engaged in covert operations to influence Myanmar's internal politics. Reports suggest that RAW has established ties with various ethnic insurgent groups in Myanmar, particularly in the northeastern states bordering India. This has raised concerns that India might be conducting a proxy war to exert control over Myanmar's government and counterbalance Chinese influence in the region. By supporting these insurgent groups, India aims to secure its own border and prevent the spillover of conflict into its northeastern states. However, this strategy has led to accusations of interference in Myanmar’s sovereignty. The military junta in Myanmar views such actions as destabilizing, leading to further strain in diplomatic relations. These covert operations have created a complex web of alliances and enmities, as India navigates its interests while attempting to maintain a semblance of cooperative relations with the Myanmar government. Consequently, the use of proxy forces has not only complicated India's relationship with Myanmar but has also heightened tensions within the region, raising questions about long-term stability and governance in Myanmar itself.[citation needed]

Economic relations

edit

India is the largest market for Burmese exports, buying about US$220 million worth of goods in 2000; India's exports to Myanmar stood at US$75.36 million.[109] India is Myanmar's 4th largest trading partner after Thailand, the PRC and Singapore, and second largest export market after Thailand, absorbing 25 percent of its total exports.[114] India is also the seventh most important source of Myanmar's imports. The governments of India and Myanmar had set a target of achieving $1 billion and bilateral trade reached US$650 million by 2006.[114] The Indian government has worked to extend air, land and sea routes to strengthen trade links with Myanmar and establish a gas pipeline.[114][115] While the involvement of India's private sector has been low and growing at a slow pace, both governments are proceeding to enhance co-operation in agriculture, telecommunications, information technology, steel, oil, natural gas, hydrocarbons and food processing.[114][115] The bilateral border trade agreement of 1994 provides for border trade to be carried out from three designated border points, one each in Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland.[114]

On 13 February 2001 India and Myanmar inaugurated a major 160 kilometre highway, called the Indo-Myanmar Friendship Road, built mainly by the Indian Army's Border Roads Organisation and aimed to provide a major strategic and commercial transport route connecting North-East India, and South Asia as a whole, to Southeast Asia.[109]

India and Myanmar have agreed to a four-lane, 3200 km triangular highway connecting India, Myanmar and Thailand. The route, which is expected to be completed by sometime during 2018, will run from India's northeastern states into Myanmar, where over 1,600 km of roads will be built or improved. The first phase connecting Guwahati to Mandalay is set to complete by 2016. This will eventually be extended to Cambodia and Vietnam. This is aimed at creating a new economic zone ranging from Kolkata on the Bay of Bengal to Ho Chi Minh City on the South China Sea.[116]

Operation Leech

edit

Operation Leech is the name given to an armed operation on the Indo-Burmese border in 1998. India has sought to install friendly governments in the Southeast Asia region. To these ends, India's external intelligence agency, R&AW, cultivated Burmese rebel groups and pro-democracy coalitions, especially the Kachin Independence Army (KIA).[117] India allowed the KIA to carry a limited trade in jade and precious stones using Indian territory and even supplied them with weapons.

However, with increasing bonhomie between the Indian government and the Burmese junta, the KIA became the main source of training and weapons for all northeastern rebel groups in India. Thus, R&AW initiated Operation Leech, with the help of Indian Army and paramilitary forces, to assassinate the leaders of the Burmese rebels as an example to other groups.[118]

Bangladesh

edit
Main article: Bangladesh–Myanmar relations

Historical relations between Myanmar and Bangladesh include centuries of trade, cultural interactions and migration between the kingdoms and empires of Bengal and the kingdoms of Burma, particularly Arakan. Most prominently this is visible in the Indic Buddhist culture of Burma that was transmitted often through Bengal resulting in the imprint of Indian (inclusive of Bengali) culture and civilization currently found in Myanmar. The two nations also share a heritage of colonial commerce during the British Empire. The Bengali community in Myanmar is present in Yangon and the Rakhine. In Bangladesh, a large population of Burmese ancestry resides in Chittagong and southeastern hill districts, including Rakhines and Bohmong, as well as Burmese-Bengalis. After the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Burma became one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Bangladesh.

However, the relationship between two countries deteriorated under Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh. In April 1978, a large number of Rohingya refugees suddenly started arriving in Bangladesh. About two lakh refugees arrived and took shelter during the month of June. In May 1979, Burmese president Ne Win visited Bangladesh. During his visit, the demarcation agreement between the two countries was signed on May 23. Towards the end of Rahman's presidency, Win and Rahman visited back and forth.[119]

The presence of 270,000 Burmese Muslim refugees (Rohingya people) in southern Bangladesh have often caused irritants in bilateral relations, which are generally cordial. A 40-year maritime boundary dispute in the Bay of Bengal was resolved by the two countries at a UN tribunal in March 2012.[120]

Bangladesh has sought transit rights through Myanmar, to establish connectivity with China and ASEAN through projects such as the proposed Chittagong-Mandalay-Kunming highway.[121] The governments of both countries are also in discussions on the possible export of Burmese gas to Bangladesh, as well as setting up a joint hydroelectric power plant in Rakhine State.[122]

The political class and civil society of Bangladesh often voiced support for Myanmar's pro-democracy struggle. In 2006 a petition by 500 Bangladeshi politicians and intellectuals, including Sheikh Hasina and Kamal Hossain, expressed support for Aung San Suu Kyi and called for the release of all political prisoners in Myanmar.[123] After winning elections in 2008, Sheikh Hasina reiterated her position on Burma's pro-democracy struggle, calling for an end to the detention of Suu Kyi and Burmese political prisoners.[124] The Democratic Voice of Burma radio station operates bureaus in Dhaka and Chittagong.

Despite border (both territorial and nautical) tensions and the forced migration of 270,000 Rohingya Muslims from Buddhist Burma in 1978, relations with Bangladesh have generally been cordial, albeit somewhat tense at times.

Many Rohingya refugees, not recognised as a sanctioned ethnic group and allegedly suffering abuse from the Burmese authorities,[125] remain in Bangladesh, and have been threatened with forced repatriation to Myanmar.[126] There are about 28,000 documented refugees remaining in camps in southern Bangladesh.[127]

At the 2008 ASEAN Regional forum summit in Singapore, Bangladesh and Myanmar have pledged to solve their maritime boundary disputes as quickly as possible especially that a UN deadline in claiming maritime territories will expire in three years time.[128] However, in late 2008, Myanmar sent in ships into disputed waters in the Bay of Bengal for the exploration of oil and natural gas.[129] Bangladesh responded by sending in three warships to the area and diplomatically pursued efforts to pressure the Burmese junta to withdraw their own ships.[130][131] During the crisis Myanmar deployed thousands of troops on its border with Bangladesh. However, following the Bangladeshi deployment, within a week the ships withdrew and the crisis ended.[132]

Myanmar has an embassy in Dhaka, whilst Bangladesh has an embassy in Yangon and a consular office in Sittwe. Bangladesh is also one of the first countries to begin constructing a diplomatic mission in Nay Pyi Taw.

Sri Lanka

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Sri Lanka relations

History

edit
 
King of Burma inviting Sri Lankan Ramañña Monks to ordained

The early exchange of Theravada Buddhism between Sri Lanka and Myanmar built the two's first bilateral links and continues to be emphasized today.[133] The generally held belief within Myanmar is that a Bhikkhu (monk) named Shin Arahan from Thaton introduced Theravada Buddhism to the Bagan Kingdom. Anawrahta invited monks from Sri Lanka, among others, after banishing Ari priests in an attempt to revitalize a more orthodox form of Buddhism.[134] Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa sent a copy of the Tripitaka to Anawrahta.[135]

In the 1150s, the Burmese king Sithu I visited the court of Parakramabahu I in Sri Lanka appointing an ambassador. According to the Sri Lankan chronicle Cūḷavaṃsa, that Sithu caught sight of a letter addressed to the King of Cambodia. He attempted to stop Sri Lanka's elephant trade with Cambodia and later captured a lesser Sinhalese princess on her way to be married to a prince of Cambodia, sparking a war between the two kingdoms in 1180.[133]

The influence of Burmese architecture on Sri Lanka's religious building in Polonnaruwa is also evident. The Satmahalprasada, a setup with an unusual pyramid like form in several levels or storeys in Polonnnaruwa is the best example.[citation needed]

King Dhammazedi of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom sent all the monks in Lower Burma to be re-ordained on the in Sri Lanka making Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhism the dominant form of Buddhism in Myanmar.[136] In the late 18th century, King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty re-introduced the upasampadā ordination system to Sri Lanka, establishing the Amarapura Nikaya.[137] The establishment of the Amarapura Nikaya was also significant as a monastic lineage was established through collective action rather than the patronage of a king.[138]

Modern Relations

edit

In 1949, soon after the independence of both countries, resident embassies were quickly established. The two countries continued their history of religious exchange during the Sixth Buddhist Council, hosted by Burma. The Sri Lankan delegation played a leading role in the deliberations of the council of 2500 monks.[139][140]

During Myanmar's economic liberalisation of the 2010s, Myanmar and Sri Lanka furthered trade ties, signing joint trade agreements and cooperating on many development issues through BIMSTEC.[135] Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena emphasized the two countries' similarities as Theravada Buddhist countries with an agricultural economy stating that Sri Lanka was a true friend of Myanmar ready to provide assistance in international forums.[141]

Today, the two maintain good relations with Sri Lanka presenting diplomatic credentials to Myanmar's State Administration Council (SAC_ despite international condemnation against the SAC for its war.[142]

Bilateral visits

edit
Sri Lankan officials visiting Myanmar
edit
  • Official visit of Hon. Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister in January (1976)
  • Visit of Hon. A.C.S. Hameed, Foreign Minister (1987)
  • Visit of Hon. Lakshman Kadirgamar, Foreign Minister (1999)
  • Visit of Hon. W.J.M. Loku Bandara, Minister of Buddha Sasana (2003)
  • Visit of Hon. Loku Bandara, Speaker of the Parliament (2005)
  • Visit of Hon Mahinda Rajapakse, Prime Minister (2004)
  • Visit of Hon. Loku Bandara, Speaker (2005)
  • Visit of Hon. Prime Minister (2006)
  • Visit of the Hon. Minister of Foreign Affairs for First Joint Commission (2007)
Burmese officials visiting Sri Lanka
edit
  • State Visit of H.E. Gen U Ne Win, President of Myanmar (1966)
  • Visit of H.E. U Win Aung, Foreign Minister of Myanmar in (1999)
  • Visit of H.E. Professor Kyaw Myint, Minister of Health (2005)
  • Visit of Acting Prime Minister, Lt. Gen. Thein Sein (2007)
  • Visit of the Foreign Minister of Myanmar (to participate at ECOSOC) (2009)

Other Asian countries

edit

East Timor

edit
This section is an excerpt from East Timor–Myanmar relations.[edit]

East Timor and Myanmar established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2006.[143]

After the 2021 Myanmar coup d'etat and during the subsequent civil war in Myanmar, relations have significantly deteriorated between the two governments. In August 2023, the State Administration Council junta expelled the East Timorese ambassador in retaliation for the East Timorese government meeting with the National Unity Government of Myanmar (NUG).[144] In December 2023, East Timor President José Ramos-Horta called for Tatmadaw soldiers to defect and join the resistance, making East Timor the only government to have openly expressed sympathies to anti-junta forces in Myanmar. Officials of the State Administration Council responded with outrage, running anti-East Timor articles in state media referring to Ramos-Horta as a "thoughtless mouthpiece of the NUG". Additionally, "junta-backed nationalists" held a protest in Yangon against Ramos-Horta.[145]

North Korea

edit
Main article: Myanmar–North Korea relations

Myanmar and North Korea generally enjoy good relations. Myanmar has an embassy in Pyongyang[citation needed] and North Korea has an embassy in Yangon.[146]

History

edit

Since they both achieved independence in 1948, Burma and North Korea have enjoyed a chequered relationship.[147] Burma expressed diplomatic support for the UN forces during the Korean War,[148] but after the signing of the 1953 armistice it established good working relations with the two Koreas. Consular links with both states were established in 1961 and full diplomatic relations followed in 1975.[149] During the 1960s and 1970s, General Ne Win's government made efforts to balance the competing demands of North Korea and South Korea for recognition, diplomatic support and trade. However, during the late 1970s the relationship with Pyongyang became slightly stronger than that with Seoul, as Ne Win and the Burma Socialist Programme Party forged fraternal ties with Kim Il Sung and the Workers' Party of Korea.[150][a]

The assassination attempt in 1983

edit

The bilateral relationship with North Korea dramatically collapsed in 1983, after Pyongyang allegedly sent three agents to Yangon to assassinate South Korean President Chun Doo Hwan, who was making a state visit to Burma. Due to a last minute, unannounced change to his schedule, Chun survived the massive bomb attack at the Martyrs' Mausoleum, but 17 South Korean and four Burmese officials, including four Korean Cabinet ministers, were killed. Forty-six others were injured.[151]

There was probably at least one bilateral agreement as early as 2000, but the relationship seemed to reach a major turning point around 2003. In July that year, it was reported that between 15 and 20 North Korean technicians were working at the Monkey Point naval base in Yangon.[152] A UN report released on 1 February 2018 cited North Korean ballistic missile transfers to the Myanmar army.[153]

Maldives

edit

In September 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Maldives announced that it was ceasing all trade ties with Myanmar in response to the government's treatment of the Rohingya people in Rakhine State.[154]

Taiwan

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Taiwan relations

Although Myanmar officially recognises the PRC and not the Republic of China (Taiwan), there is much interaction between the two countries. Many Taiwanese nationals own businesses in Myanmar. There are direct air flights to Taipei.[155] In the absence of diplomatic relations, Myanmar was represented by the Myanmar Trade Office in Taipei, and Taiwan remains represented by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Yangon.

Pakistan

edit
Main article: Myanmar–Pakistan relations

Pakistan and Myanmar have cordial relations with each other, with embassies in each other's capitals. Pakistan International Airlines has flown to Yangon in the past and still operates Hajj charter flights on behalf of the Burmese government.

Pakistan has a diplomatic mission in Yangon, whilst Myanmar maintains a diplomatic office in Islamabad.

South Korea

edit
Main article: Myanmar–South Korea relations

The Republic of Korea and Burma generally enjoy good relations. Burma has an embassy in Seoul and South Korea has an embassy in Yangon.[156]

Oceania

edit

New Zealand

edit
Main article: Foreign relations of New Zealand

In February 2021, New Zealand suspended high-level bilateral relations with Myanmar following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and joined other Western governments in rejecting the new military-led government and has called for the restoration of civilian-led rule. In addition, aid projects were diverted away from the Tatmadaw and a travel ban was imposed on Myanmar's military leaders.[157][158]

In April 2024, the New Zealand Government permitted mid-level members of the military junta to participate in the ASEAN-New Zealand Dialogue meetings in Wellington. Prime Minister Christopher Luxon justified the invitation, citing ASEAN's policy of allowing non-political Myanmar officials to participate in official ASEAN functions. This was a reversal of the previous Labour Government's policy of blocking Myanmar officials from participating in two ASEAN study tours of New Zealand.[159]

Timeline of diplomatic representation

edit

By the end of the Union Solidarity and Development Party tenure in January 2016, Myanmar had 36 ambassadors, 3 consuls general and a permanent representative at the UN in New York. The country had established official relations with 114 independent states.[160]

United Nations

edit

In 1961, U Thant, then Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations; he was the first non-Westerner to head any international organisation and would serve as UN Secretary-General for ten years.[161] Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was Secretary-General was the young Aung San Suu Kyi.

Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus.[162][163][164][165] But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights.[166]

In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council[167] calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution, arguing that since there were no peace and security concerns raised by its neighbours, the question did not belong in the Security Council when there were other more appropriate bodies to represent it, adding, "Ironically, should the Security Council adopt [this resolution] ... the Human Rights Council would not be able to address the situation in Myanmar while the Council remains seized with the matter."[168] The issue had been forced onto the agenda against the votes of Russia and the China[169] by the United States (veto power applies only to resolutions) claiming that the outflow from Myanmar of refugees, drugs, HIV-AIDS, and other diseases threatened international peace and security.[170]

The following September after the uprisings began and the human rights situation deteriorated, the Secretary-General dispatched his special envoy for the region, Ibrahim Gambari, to meet with the government.[171] After seeing most parties involved, he returned to New York and briefed the Security Council about his visit.[172] During this meeting, the ambassador said that the country "indeed [has experienced] a daunting challenge. However, we have been able to restore stability. The situation has now returned to normalcy. Currently, people all over the country are holding peaceful rallies within the bounds of the law to welcome the successful conclusion of the national convention, which has laid down the fundamental principles for a new constitution, and to demonstrate their aversion to recent provocative demonstrations.[173]

On 11 October the Security Council met and issued a statement and reaffirmed its "strong and unwavering support for the Secretary-General's good offices mission", especially the work by Ibrahim Gambari[174] (During a briefing to the Security Council in November, Gambari admitted that no timeframe had been set by the Government for any of the moves that he had been negotiating for.)[175]

Throughout this period the World Food Program has continued to organise shipments from the Mandalay Division to the famine-struck areas to the north.[176]

In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a resolution condemning Myanmar's human rights record; it was supported by 80 countries, with 25 voting against and 45 abstaining.[177]

See also

edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of Myanmar.

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The Burma Socialist Programme Party’s policies favouring economic autarky were seen as being similar to Kim Il-sung’s juche (self-reliance) philosophy[citation needed]

References

edit
  1. ^ Wong, Edward (17 August 2018). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Myanmar Military over Rohingya Atrocities". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Canada imposes targeted sanctions in response to human rights violations in Myanmar". 16 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Myanmar and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  5. ^ Belgisch staatsblad (in Dutch and French). Vol. 274–365. 1953. p. 6887.
  6. ^ The Burma Year-book & Directory. Student Press. 1957. p. 1.
  7. ^ "Swiss National Day and 60 years of Diplomatic Relations between Myanmar and Switzerland". mfaic.gov.kh. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  8. ^ Inoguchi, Takashi (2021). The SAGE Handbook of Asian Foreign Policy. SAGE.
  9. ^ "Štáty podľa svetadielov" (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Diplomatic relations established between Republic of Union of Myanmar and Republic of Guinea-Bissau". 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  11. ^ "The EU's relations with Burma / Myanmar". European Union. Archived from the original on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
  12. ^ The List: Burma’s Economic Lifelines Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Foreign Policy. October 2007
  13. ^ Horsley, William (20 October 2004). "Dilemma of dealing with Burma". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2004.
  14. ^ Hiatt, Fred (23 June 2003). "How Best to Rid the World of Monsters". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 July 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
  15. ^ "Reuters Belgian group seeks Total boycott over Myanmar". Ibiblio. Reuters. 10 May 1999. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2006.
  16. ^ a b "Political Cooperation". Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  17. ^ a b "Belarus votes against UN resolution after over decade of Myanmar military ties". Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Embassy of Myanmar in the United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  19. ^ "Burmese embassy in Bangkok, Thailand". Mofa.gov.mm. 19 August 2003. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.
  20. ^ a b Far Eastern economic review. 1972. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Diplomatic relations Between Burma and Denmark, while friendly, have been limited to formal exchanges of greetings and condolences on appropriate occasions ...
  21. ^ Burma's economic relations with Denmark Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Online Burma/Myanmar Library
  22. ^ "Activities in Burma". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  23. ^ "DANIDA in Burma". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  24. ^ "Three Diseases Fund". The Diseases Fund 3DF. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  25. ^ "Three Diseases Fund (3DF)". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  26. ^ Anais Tamen (2002–2003). "The European Union's Sanctions Related to Human Rights: The Case of Myanmar" (PDF). p. 98. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  27. ^ "James Leander Nichol's Death Imprisoned For Owning an Illegal Fax Machine in Burma". CFOB Canadian Friends of Burma. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  28. ^ "Response of the Union of Myanmar to the United Nations". CFOB Canadian Friends of Burma. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  29. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi finds common ground with Orbán over Islam". TheGuardian.com. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  30. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ "Department of Foreign Affairs – Ireland establishes diplomatic relations with Myanmar (Burma)". Dfa.ie. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  32. ^ "Burma Action Ireland". Burma Action Ireland. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  33. ^ "Free Burma – Indymedia Ireland". Indymedia.ie. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  34. ^ "Ireland weighs in on UN inquiry into Burma abuses". Mizzima.com. 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
  35. ^ South (2003), p. 79
  36. ^ Liang (1990), p. 14
  37. ^ Bhuyan (1974), p. 460
  38. ^ "La France en Birmanie". Ambafrance-mm.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  39. ^ "Myanmar". Mfa.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  40. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Myanmar and Britain". Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  42. ^ "British Embassy Yangon". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  43. ^ "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  44. ^ "US slaps export sanctions on Myanmar after protest deaths". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Curbs on Aid to Myanmar". The New York Times. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  46. ^ Barta, Patrick (5 April 2012). "U.S. Forges Deeper Myanmar Ties". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  47. ^ "THE ROHINGYA CRISIS: U.S. RESPONSE TO THE TRAGEDY IN BURMA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  48. ^ "US, EU add more sanctions as Myanmar violence deepens". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2022. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  49. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Commanders and Units of the Burmese Security Forces for Serious Human Rights Abuses". home.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  50. ^ "Timeline: US-Burma/Myanmar Relations". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 32 (3): 434–436. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  51. ^ Selth, Andrew; Gallagher, Adam (21 June 2018). "What's in a Name: Burma or Myanmar?". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  52. ^ "Derek Mitchell, 1st US ambassador to Myanmar in 22 years, presents credentials to start work". Times Colonist. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  53. ^ Banks, Angela M. (1999). "Foreign Affairs Power -- The Massachusetts Burma Law is Found to Encroach on the Federal Government's Exclusive Constitutional Authority to Regulate Foreign Affairs. -- National Foreign Trade Council v. Baker, 26 F. Supp. 2d 287 (D. Mass. 1998)". College of William & Mary Law School. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  54. ^ "Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act passed both Houses of Congress". Democracyforburma.wordpress.com. 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  55. ^ Fayhee, Ryan; Ownes, Inessa; Schoorl, Joseph (10 October 2016). "US Government Officially Terminates Sanctions Targeting Myanmar". BakerMcKenzie. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  56. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)– US to exchange ambassadors with Burma, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16554415 Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine>. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  57. ^ "Statement by the President on Burma". whitehouse.gov. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via National Archives.
  58. ^ "Presidential Nomination Sent to the Senate". whitehouse.gov. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via National Archives.
  59. ^ a b Lowrey, Annie (11 July 2012). "U.S. Sanctions on Myanmar Formally Eased". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  60. ^ "Obama Vows US Support As Myanmar Leader Visits". NPR. Associated Press. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  61. ^ "Accountability for Human Rights Abuses in Rakhine State, Burma". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  62. ^ "United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe | U.S. Department of the Treasury". home.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  63. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Commanders and Units of the Burmese Security Forces for Serious Human Rights Abuses". home.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  64. ^ "Ongoing U.S. Humanitarian Assistance for the Rakhine State Crisis". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  65. ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Lewis, Simon (21 March 2022). "Biden administration rules Myanmar army committed genocide against Rohingya". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  66. ^ Wintour, Patrick; Bolger, Julian (1 February 2021). "Myanmar coup: Joe Biden threatens to resume sanctions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  67. ^ Payne, Daniel (10 February 2021). "Biden announces sanctions on Myanmar after coup". Politico. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  68. ^ "Myanmar: First executions in decades mark atrocious escalation in state repression". Amnesty International. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  69. ^ "World condemns Myanmar junta for 'cruel' execution of activists". Reuters. 26 July 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  70. ^ "Myanmar executions: US presses China to rein in junta, saying it cannot be 'business as usual'". the Guardian. 26 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  71. ^ "Myanmar military says had 'nothing to do' with UN envoy plot". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  72. ^ "Meeks Issues Statement on House Passage of BURMA Act". House Foreign Affairs Committee. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  73. ^ "U.S. Senate Passes Burma Act Bill". American Baptist Churches USA. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  74. ^ "Burma Accuses CIA of Involvement in KNU Assassination". Narinjara.com. 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
  75. ^ "WikiLeaks cables: Americans funded groups that stalled Burma dam project". The Guardian. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  76. ^ Tim McLaughlin and Nyan Lynn Aung (31 October 2013). "US embassy in Yangon a secret listening post: Snowden". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  77. ^ "Key Officers | Embassy of the United States Yangon, Myanmar". Burma.usembassy.gov. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
  78. ^ Chinese dilemma over Burma Archived 15 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine (25 September 2007). BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
  79. ^ Russia, China veto resolution criticizing Burma Archived 31 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (13 January 2007). The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
  80. ^ Russia and Myanmar in nuclear deal Archived 25 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BBC 15 May 2007
  81. ^ More Deadly Than Avian Flu (Or Why the Myanmar Regime Must Implement The Road Map To Democracy) Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Speech of Senator Aquilino Q. Pimentel Jr. at the ASEAN Inter-parliamentary Myanmar Caucus-Good Governance Conference at the Prince Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2 December 2005
  82. ^ "Asean Will Not Defend Myanmar at International Fora – Ahmad Shabery". Bernama. 19 April 2007.
  83. ^ Asian leaders condemn Burma trial Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Online. 19 May 2009
  84. ^ a b "Brunei-Burma Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  85. ^ "Bilateral Relations between Myanmar and Malaysia". Embassy of The Republic of The Union of Myanmar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 5 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  86. ^ Abhisit calls for change in Burma, Bangkok Post, 12 January 2009.
  87. ^ Thai-Burma relations under "unprecedented strain" Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. DVB. 12 June 2009
  88. ^ Ba Kaung (13 November 2010). "Suu Kyi Freed at Last". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  89. ^ "The relationship between Thailand and Burma". Seachula.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  90. ^ "PHL-Myanmar Agreement on Visa Exemption Takes Effect on January 4, 2014". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  91. ^ Chi-shad, Liang (1990). Burma's Foreign Relations: Neutralism in Theory and Practice. United States of America: Praeger Publishers. pp. 122–124. ISBN 0-275-93455-1.
  92. ^ Chi-shad, Liang (1990). Burma's Foreign Relations: Neutralism in Theory and Practice. United States of America: Praeger Publishers. pp. 105–108. ISBN 0-275-93455-1.
  93. ^ Chi-shad, Liang (1990). Burma's Foreign Relations: Neutralism in Theory and Practice. United States of America: Praeger Publishers. pp. 111–114. ISBN 0-275-93455-1.
  94. ^ Lin, Shin (5 March 2021). "Anger in Myanmar, But Crisis Distant to Singaporeans". Reporting ASEAN. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  95. ^ Aung Zaw (23 March 2015). "Suu Kyi, Singapore and the Ties That Bind". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  96. ^ "Supplementary Questions for Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan for the Committee of Supply Debate, 27 February 2023". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  97. ^ "Myanmar Junta Imports $1 Billion in Weapons Since Coup: Report". The Irrwaddy. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  98. ^ a b Singh (2003)
  99. ^ Bingham (1966), p. 9
  100. ^ "Notes on the China-Burma Question". Department of Political and Security Council Affairs. 21 September 1956. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  101. ^ Laqueur (1974), p. 67
  102. ^ Seekins (2006), p. 141
  103. ^ Lintner (1990), p. 23
  104. ^ Pillali, Sushil K. The Invisible Country Ethnicity & Conflict Management in Myanmar Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. South Asia Terrorism Portal. Institute for Conflict Management
  105. ^ "Political Relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  106. ^ Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018) Myanmar: A Political Economy Analysis. Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  107. ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  108. ^ "The Pro-Xinjiang Contingent". Wired. 28 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  109. ^ a b c "Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  110. ^ Jagan, Larry. India's road to Rangoon Archived 20 May 2004 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Online. 14 February 2001
  111. ^ "India, Burma to discuss insurgency, arms smuggling in Rangoon". Press Trust of India. 11 October 2005
  112. ^ Bhattacharyya, Anushree. "India-Myanmar Relations". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS). 18 September 2007
  113. ^ Nanda (2003), p. 596
  114. ^ a b c d e "Global Politician – India-Myanmar Trade Relations". Bilaterals.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  115. ^ a b Bhaumik, Subir (26 September 2007). "South Asia | Explaining India's silence over Burma". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  116. ^ "Triangular Highway connecting India, Burma, Thailand". The Telegraph. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  117. ^ Larry Jagan, BBC Online, 4 July 2000
  118. ^ Subir Bhaumik (June 2005). Guns, drugs and rebel Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine India-seminar.com. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
  119. ^ Mahbubur Rahman, Muhammad (July 2011). BCS Bangladesh Affairs (in Bengali). Vol. I & II. Lion Muhammad Gias Uddin. p. 94 (Vol. II).
  120. ^ "Bangladesh and Myanmar resolve longstanding maritime dispute". East Asia Forum. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  121. ^ "Ties with Myanmar can grow to new heights". The Daily Star. 26 June 2012.
  122. ^ "Bangladeshi PM in push for Burma gas | Democratic Voice of Burma". Dvb.no. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  123. ^ "Aun San Suu Kyi". Secularvoiceofbangladesh.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012.
  124. ^ [1][dead link]
  125. ^ What drives the Rohingya to sea? Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Onlnine. 5 February 2009
  126. ^ Concern over Bangladesh refugees Archived 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Online. 19 June 2009
  127. ^ Bangladesh: Rohingya refugee camps improved Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 7 November 2008
  128. ^ Bangladesh, Burma pledge to resolve disputes over maritime borders Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. IRNA.
  129. ^ Bangladesh and Burma in oil row Archived 6 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Online. 3 November 2008
  130. ^ Bangladesh Sends Three Navy Ships to Border Dispute Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Narinjara News. 4 November 2008
  131. ^ Bangladesh–Burma (Myanmar) maritime boundary dispute escalates Archived 24 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Christian Science Monitor. 4 November 2008
  132. ^ Burma and Bangladesh agree to boost ties Archived 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mizzima News. 25 May 2008
  133. ^ a b Goonatilake, Hema (2009). "Sri Lanka-Myanmar Historical Relations in Religion, Culture and Polity". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 55: 77–114. JSTOR 23731097. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  134. ^ Maung Htin Aung (February 1958). "Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  135. ^ a b Fernando, Nathasha (20 February 2020). "Strengthening Myanmar-Sri Lanka Bilateral Relations: A Primer". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  136. ^ Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9780824828868.
  137. ^ Bischoff, Roger (1995). Buddhism in Myanmar – A Short History (PDF). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. pp. 110–118. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2004. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  138. ^ Webb, Russel (2005). "Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14". Buddhist Studies Review. 22 (2): 211–216. doi:10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14041. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  139. ^ "Myanmar- Sri Lanka Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  140. ^ "On This Day | 65 Years Since Thousands of Monks Began Sixth Buddhist Council in Yangon". The Irrawaddy. 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  141. ^ "Leaders of Sri Lanka & Myanmar agreed to strengthen economic and trade relations through Sri Lanka-Myanmar Joint Trade Agreement". Embassy of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka to the Republic of Poland. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  142. ^ "Sri Lanka strengthens diplomatic ties with Myanmar's junta despite international condemnation". Tamil Guardian. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  143. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Timor-Leste and Myanmar as of 26 Sept. 2006". 26 September 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  144. ^ "Myanmar expels East Timor's diplomat in retaliation for supporting opposition forces". AP News. 27 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023.
  145. ^ "Myanmar Junta Rages Against E. Timor President After Defection Call". The Irrawaddy. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  146. ^ Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  147. ^ Selth 2004, p. 1.
  148. ^ Selth 2004, p. 2.
  149. ^ Selth 2004, p. 4.
  150. ^ Selth 2004, p. 5.
  151. ^ The Bomb Attack at the Martyr’s Mausoleum in Rangoon: Report on the Findings by the Enquiry Committee and the Measures taken by the Burmese Government
  152. ^ 'North Koreans return to Burma', Far Eastern Economic Review, 10 July 2003, p. 8.
  153. ^ AFP news Agency. (3 February 2018). "North Korea arming Syria, Myanmar: UN report." Al Jazeera website Archived 3 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  154. ^ "Maldives ceases trade with Myanmar concerning current Bengali issues in Rakhine". The Jakarta Post. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Maldives released a statement on 3 Sept. saying that all trade ties between Myanmar and Maldives has been cut out as long as Myanmar government takes actions for the deeds committed towards Bengalis.
  155. ^ Taiwan, Burma sign trade pact Archived 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mizzima. 15 June 2009
  156. ^ "Asia-Pacific: Myanmar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  157. ^ Mahuta, Nanaia (9 February 2021). "New Zealand takes measures against Myanmar following military coup". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  158. ^ Young, Audrey (9 February 2021). "Foreign Minister Nanaia Mahuta speaks at Myanmar democracy rally". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  159. ^ Sachdeva, Sam (3 April 2024). "Myanmar military invite to NZ sparks outcry". Newsroom. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  160. ^ Egreteau, Renaud, 2020. "Foreign Policy and International Engagement: Strategic Realities, Domestic Priorities”, in Simpson, Adam and Nicholas Farrelly, eds., Myanmar: Politics, Economic and Society, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 93, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024443-8.
  161. ^ Aung Zaw. "Can Another Asian Fill U Thant's Shoes?". The Irrawaddy September 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
  162. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Verbotim Report 83. A/54/PV.83 page 30. The President 17 December 1999 at 10:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  163. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Verbotim Report 81. A/55/PV.81 page 22. The President 4 December 2000 at 15:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  164. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Verbotim Report 92. A/56/PV.92 page 7. 24 December 2001 at 11:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  165. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Verbotim Report 69. A/60/PV.69 page 19. The President 23 December 2005 at 10:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  166. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Verbotim Report 84. A/61/PV.84 page 14. 22 December 2006 at 10:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  167. ^ United Nations Security Council Document 14. S/2007/14 12 January 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  168. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5619. S/PV/5619 page 3. Mr. Kumalo South Africa 12 January 2007 at 16:00. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  169. ^ "UN Security Council to include Burma in its agenda". BBC News. 18 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  170. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5526. S/PV/5526 page 3. Mr. Bolton United States 15 September 2006 at 13:35. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  171. ^ "Ban Ki-moon dispatches Myanmar envoy to region as situation worsens". United Nations. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  172. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5753. S/PV/5753 page 3. Mr. Gambari Special Envoy of the Secretary-General 5 October 2007 at 10:00. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  173. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5753. S/PV/5753 page 17. Mr. Swe Myanmar 5 October 2007 at 10:00. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  174. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbatim Report 5757. S/PV/5757 11 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  175. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5777. S/PV/5777 page 2. Mr. Gambari 13 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  176. ^ "Myanmar: UN to resume delivering food in Mandalay District". United Nations. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  177. ^ UN General Assembly condemns Myanmar Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Taipei Times. 26 December 2008

Bibliography

edit
  • Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar. (1974). Anglo-Assamese relations, 1771–1826: a history of the relations of Assam with the East India Company from 1771 to 1826, based on original English and Assamese sources. Lawyer's Book Stall.
  • Bingham, June. (1966). U Thant; the Search for Peace. Gollancz.
  • Byman, Daniel L., and Roger Clift. (1999) China's Arms Sales Motivations and Implications (RAND, 1999) online Archived 22 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Kipgen, Nehginpao. (2014). Democracy Movement in Myanmar: Problems and Challenges. Ruby Press & Co.. ISBN 978-93-82395-62-1
  • Laqueur, Walter. (1974). A dictionary of politics. Free Press.
  • Liang, Chi Shad. (1990). Burma's foreign relations: neutralism in theory and practice. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-93455-2
  • Lintner, Bertil. (1990). The rise and fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). SEAP Publications. ISBN 978-0-87727-123-9
  • Nanda, Prakesh. (2003). Rediscovering Asia: evolution of India's look-east policy. Lancer Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7062-297-0
  • Narayanan, Raviprasad. "China and Myanmar: Alternating between ‘Brothers’ and ‘Cousins’." China Report 46.3 (2010): 253-265 online Archived 22 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Seekins, Donald M. (2006). Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5476-5
  • Selth, Andrew (2004). Burma's North Korean Gambit: A Challenge to Regional Security? (PDF). Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-5441-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  • Singh, N. K. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-261-1390-3
  • Silverstein, Josef. (1980). Burmese politics: the dilemma of national unity. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0900-6
  • South, Ashley. (2003). Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1609-8
  • Swanström, Niklas. Sino-Myanmar relations: Security and beyond (Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2012) online Archived 22 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar&oldid=1247665185#Cambodia"