The Campeche Knolls are diapirs rising from a salt deposit in the southern Gulf of Mexico, separated from the Mississippi-Texas-Louisiana salt province by the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain.[4] Located southeast of the Sigsbee Knolls, the Campeche Knolls are bounded by Campeche Bank to the East, the Bay of Campeche to the South, and the salt-free abyssal plain called the Veracruz Tongue to the West. Salt deposition is inferred to have occurred in the Late Jurassic, during the rifting stage of the gulf, equivalent to the Louann Salt of the Texas-Louisiana slope.[5] Multibeam echosounder images collected during R/V Sonne cruise SO174 show the northern Campeche Knolls as distinct, elongated hills that average 3 by 6 mi (4.8 by 9.7 km) in size, with reliefs of 1,475 to 2,625 ft (450 to 800 m) and slopes of 10 to 20 percent.[4]
Campeche Knolls
Campeche Salt Dome Province | |
|---|---|
Oceanic basin | |
 Campeche Salt Knolls | |
  Campeche Knolls Campeche-Sigsbee Salt Basin | |
| Coordinates: 20°22′00″N 93°47′00″W / 20.366667°N 93.783333°W | |
| Location | |
| Part of | Campeche Bank |
| Offshore water bodies | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 22,653.6 square nautical miles (30,000.0 sq mi; 77,700 km2)[2] |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 260.7 nautical miles (300.0 mi; 482.8 km)[2] |
| • Width | 86.9 nautical miles (100.0 mi; 160.9 km)[2] |
| • Depth | 672.5 fathoms (4,035 ft; 1,229.9 m) ~ 1,725 fathoms (10,350 ft; 3,155 m)[3] |
The Campeche Knolls are covered with a thick column of sediments above the salt unit, with sediment thickness reaching 3–6 mi (4.8–9.7 km) depending upon water depth and distance from the southern coast. The thick sediments provided prolific petroleum source rocks with the most productive one being of latest Jurassic and Cretaceous age.[5] Hydrocarbon generation makes Campeche Knolls a highly ranked and prolific petroleum region, with studies showing that salt activity supports leakage of gas and oil.[5]
The potential for gas hydrate accumulations in the Campeche Knolls was demonstrated as early as 1970, with the retrieval of gassy cores from Site 88 drilled during Leg 10 of the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP). DSDP Site 88 was drilled to demonstrate that the topographic high seen on profiler records was a salt diapir. During the course of drilling, a significant increase in the gas content of recovered cores to a depth of 108 mbsf (354 fbsf) occurred.[6] Of the five cores recovered, four had high levels of H2S and other natural gases. When these cores were brought on board the ship, irregular degassing characteristics were observed, with the cores emitting very large quantities of gas, estimated to be ten times the volume of the core, that required special measures (i.e. drilling of vent holes in the core liner) to prevent complete disruption of core sediments.[7] Degassing the cores also took an abnormally long time of over two hours.[7] These perplexing results have since led the shipboard researchers to believe that gas hydrates were present in the core and would explain the high volumes of gas locked in the small quantity of water filling the sediment pore spaces and the long degassing time.[7]
During the R/V Sonne SO174 research cruise in 2004, remote sensing results guided researchers to the discovery of oil, gas, and asphalt seepage on the top of one knoll in the northern tip of the Campeche Knolls province.[5] This knoll was named Chapapote, the Aztec word for “tar,” and is located at 21° 54’ N by 93° 26’ W in approximately 1.8 mi (3, 000 m) water depth. Extensive surface deposits of solidified asphalt are present at Chapapote, with one subcircular-shaped flow measuring at least 49 ft (15 m) across.[4] A diverse biological community is also present on the Chapapote, with a range of organisms, including tubeworms, bacterial mats, and chemosynthetic mussels all calling the area home.[4] A sample grab conducted on the cruise recovered sediment with thin layers of gas hydrate. Molecular and isotopic compositions of the gas hydrate indicated that the gas was moderately mature and thermogenic in nature.[4]
In 2006, the METEOR Cruise No. 67 (MC67/2b) returned to Chapapote. Hydrates were recovered at one gravity coring station, with Core 10618-1 containing a large piece of pure, white gas hydrate embedded in asphalt. The recovery of this core was accompanied by a strong rising of gas bubbles to the sea surface. It is assumed that hydrate formed internally after deposition of the asphalt.[8] Of the three samples collected from upper first meter of the core, two were composed of Structure I hydrate. The third was a mixture of both Structure I and Structure II.[9] Hydrocarbons from the Chapapote are dominantly thermogenic in origin as evidenced by the stable carbon isotopes of hydrate forming hydrocarbons.[4]
Importance of Campeche Knolls as a gas hydrates study site
editThe Chapapote asphalt volcano is located in the Campeche Knolls.It was there that the deepest known recovery of surficial gas hydrate occurred at a water depth of 1.8 mi (3,000 m). The gas hydrate was embedded in an asphalt matrix. Analyses of the hydrate showed both Structure-I and Structure-II gas hydrate present in the recovered sample.[8] The only known recovery of gas hydrate in the southern Gulf of Mexico also occurred in the Campeche Knolls.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bahía de Campeche in Geonames.org (cc-by)
- ^ a b c Worzel, J. Lamar; Leyden, Robert; Ewing, Maurice (July 1968). "Newly Discovered Diapirs in Gulf of Mexico". AAPG Bulletin. 52 (7): 1194–1203. doi:10.1306/5D25C4A1-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D. ISSN 0002-7464.
- ^ Sahling, Heiko; Rubin Blum, Maxim; Borowski, Christian; Escobar-Briones, Elva; Gaytán-Caballero, Adriana; Hsu, Chieh-Wei; Loher, Markus; MacDonald, Ian; Marcon, Yann; Pape, Thomas; Römer, Miriam; Schubotz, Florence; Smrzka, Daniel; Wegener, Gunter; Bohrmann, Gerhard (March 24, 2016). "Seafloor observations at Campeche Knolls, Southern Gulf of Mexico: Coexistence of Asphalt Deposits, Oil Seepage, and Gas Venting" [Knolls and Ridges in Water Depths between 1230m and 3150m] (PDF). doi:10.5194/bg-2016-101.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f MacDonald, I. R.; Bohrmann, G.; Escobar, E.; Abegg, F.; Blanchon, P. (May 14, 2004). "Asphalt volcanism and chemosynthetic life in the Campeche Knolls, Gulf of Mexico". Science. 304 (5673). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 999–1002. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..999M. doi:10.1126/science.1097154. PMID 15143278. S2CID 46477324.
- ^ a b c d Ding, et al. 2010. Ding, F., V. Spiess, I. R. MacDonald, M. Bruning, N. Fekete, and G. Bohrman. "Shallow sediment deformation styles in north-western Campeche Knolls, Gulf of Mexico and their controls on the occurrence of hydrocarbon seepage." Marine and Petroleum Geology 27 (2010): 959-972.
- ^ DSDP Leg 10 Shipboard Science Party 1973. DSDP Leg 10 Shipboard Science Party. "Site 88 Initial Report." In DSDP Leg 10, 55-70. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1973.
- ^ a b c Worzel and Bryant 1973. Worzel, J. L., and W. R. Bryant. "Regional aspects of deep sea drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, leg 10." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project – Galveston, Texas to Miami, Florida, v. 10, 737-748. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1973.
- ^ a b Bohrman and Spiess 2006. Bohrman, G., and V. Spiess. Fluid seepage in the Gulf of Mexico. Vol. 263, in Report and preliminary results of R/V METEOR Cruise M67/2a and 2b, Balboa-Tampico-Bridgetown, 15 March-24 April 2006, 119 pp. Bremen, Germany: University of Bremen, Dept. of Geosciences, 2006.
- ^ Klapp, et al. 2010. Klapp, S. A., et al. "Mixed gas hydrate structures at the Chapopote Knoll, southern Gulf of Mexico." Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 299 (2010): 201-217.
- ^ Hutchinson 2011. Hutchinson, D. R., Ruppel, C. D., Roberts, H. H., Carney, R. S., and Smith, M.A. "Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico." In Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Volume 3, Geology, by N. A. Buster and C. W. Holmes, 247-275. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2011.
External links
edit- "Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports and Publications". DSDP Volume X. National Science Foundation. ISSN 1936-7392.
- Perkins, Sid (May 12, 2004). "Underwater Pavement: Asphalt deposits cover parts of Gulf of Mexico". Science News. Society for Science.
- Ruppel, Carolyn; Carney, Robert S. (December 17, 2017). "Active Asphalt Seep Discovered in the Northern Gulf of Mexico". NOAA Ocean Exploration. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
