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Canadian declaration of war on Germany

A declaration of war by Canada against Germany was made by order-in-council signed by George VI, King of Canada, on 10 September 1939, seven days after the United Kingdom and France had also entered a state of war with the Nazi regime. The royal proclamation of the Canadian declaration was published in the Canada Gazette.[1]

Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request to King George VI for approval that war be declared against Germany, 10 September 1939

Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King announced the recommendation for a declaration of war in a radio-broadcast speech, made from Ottawa, on 3 September 1939.[2][3] The matter was then debated in Parliament, though declaration of war is a matter of the royal prerogative and does not require parliamentary approval.

Background and procedure

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Canada did not declare war on Germany at the outset of the First World War, as it had no authority to do so at the time. Though the Canadian Parliament did debate the matter and an order-in-council was issued proclaiming Canada was at war, the country, being part of the British Empire, entered the war with the United Kingdom in consequence of the latter's declaration of war 4 August 1914.[4]

 
Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King at the German Chancellery in Berlin, 29 June 1937

In the aftermath of the First World War, Adolf Hitler rose to power as the Führer of Nazi Germany. The Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King, visited Hitler on 29 June 1937, during which both indicated a desire to avoid war. But, Mackenzie King did express to Hitler that Canada and other nations were concerned by Germany's rapid armament, which Hitler blamed on the Treaty of Versailles,[5] a pact he had violated by sending troops into the Rhineland on 7 March 1936.[6] The Prime Minister further informed the Führer that, if a war broke out between Germany and Britain, Canada would be at Britain's side.[7] Mackenzie King also met President of the Reichstag Hermann Göring, who, more ominously, asked Mackenzie King if Canada would support Britain if the latter initiated a conflict over a then-hypothetical unification of Germany and Austria. In response, Mackenzie King said it would depend on the circumstances.[5] What the Prime Minister had told his British counterpart, Neville Chamberlain, when in London in May 1937 was more certain: Canada would be with Britain should an international conflict erupt.[6]

While Mackenzie King still hoped for peace,[8] Nazi Germany's continued armament and violation of treaties forced the Prime Minister to accept that Canada might once again have to fight alongside Britain if war broke out. Canadians, and the government, were thus relieved when the Munich Agreement was signed on 30 September 1938,[8] giving Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland to Germany.

This pact seemed to have appeased Hitler and avoided war. By the beginning of the following year, however, the uneasiness that persisted after the Munich Agreement[9] was once again increasing and Mackenzie King began psychologically preparing Parliament for Canada going to war. In his speech on 16 January 1939, he quoted Wilfrid Laurier from 1910: "if Britain is at war, we are at war, and liable to attack"; words that triggered a negative reaction, most strongly felt within Cabinet.[9] Minister of Justice Ernest Lapointe threatened to resign and asserted the Prime Minister's statement went against the Statute of Westminster, 1931,[9] which, in combination with the Balfour Declaration of 1926, had "established that the United Kingdom and the Dominions were now autonomous in domestic or external affairs";[13] Canada in 1939 had "the option of making its own decision."[10]

 
Adolf Hitler at Prague Castle, 15 March 1939

After Germany disregarded the Munich Agreement and invaded the Czech areas of Bohemia and Moravia on 15 March 1939, Mackenzie King vacillated: he told the House of Commons on 20 March that Canada would go to Britain's aid if bombs fell on London. Ten days later, he said the idea of Canada going to war, only 20 years after the last, was "sheer madness"; though, also saying the government would reject neutrality.[9] He told the British government in April that he could not predict Canada's course of action, should Britain go to war and be attacked.[8] Lapointe stated Canada's participation in any conflict would be in its own self-interest. His approach was viewed favourably by the Canadian media and public.[9]

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and the United Kingdom and France declared war on 3 September.[14] At first, Mackenzie King and Lapointe asserted in the Commons that Canada was bound by the British declaration,[15] regardless of the absence of any explicit Canadian approval for, or given to, the edict issued by George VI on 3 September; they believed Canada was at war; though, just how much the country contributed to that war was up to the Canadian government.[15] This position changed after it was noted that Canada was not on the list of belligerent states in the declaration of neutrality promulgated by President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt on 5 September[16] and the Canadian Parliament, which was not scheduled to return until 2 October, was recalled by the Governor General early, on 7 September, to consider a declaration of war.[20] Canada's political leaders used this moment to assert Canada's independence from the UK,[4] as already established by the Statute of Westminster.[22]

 
King George VI (right) and his wife, Queen Elizabeth (centre), with Prime Minister Mackenzie King (left) in Banff, Alberta, 27 May 1939
 
(Left to right) C.G. Power, E. Lapointe, Prime Minister W.L.M. King, and N.M. Rogers broadcasting a message to Canadians following the emergency Cabinet meeting that took place after Britain's declaration of war, 3 September 1939

The throne speech, read by Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir, set out the Cabinet's proposal for taking the country to war and associated measures, after which the address in reply was debated.[4] The Senate passed the motion to adopt the address in reply on 9 September, while the House of Commons continued to discuss the matter until also adopting the motion late that evening.

The following day, the Cabinet issued an order-in-council stating that Canada was at war with Germany. Vincent Massey, Canada's high commissioner to the United Kingdom, brought the document to King George VI, at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, for his signature,[23][24] whereupon Canada had officially declared war on Germany.[26] In his capacity as the government's official recorder for the war effort, Leonard Brockington noted: "King George VI of England [sic] did not ask us to declare war for him—we asked King George VI of Canada to declare war for us."[27][28][29] The time difference between Britain's and Canada's entry into the conflict was partly intended to demonstrate Canada's sovereignty.[4]

As 10 September was a Sunday, the order-in-council was tabled in the House only on the following day, when the Prime Minister told that chamber that the Cabinet had issued the order shortly after the motion had been adopted and that the government had been informed, at 11:15 a.m., on 10 September, that the King had granted his approval of the proclamation.

These were significant developments, as they became examples for other Dominions to follow and, by the war's end, F.R. Scott concluded, "it is firmly established as a basic constitutional principle that, so far as relates to Canada, the King is regulated by Canadian law and must act only on the advice and responsibility of Canadian ministers."[16]

The state of war was ended by another royal proclamation issued in 1951.[30]

Documents

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Prime Minister King's speech

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Below is the speech, given by William Lyon Mackenzie King during the debate on the address in reply on September 8, 1939:[31]

Recommendation of Canadian Declaration of War on Germany

For months – indeed for years – the shadow of impending conflict in Europe has been ever present. Through these troubled years no stone has been left unturned, no road unexplored in patient search for peace.

Unhappily for the world, Herr Hitler and the Nazi regime in Germany have persisted in their attempt to extend their control over other peoples and countries, and to pursue their aggressive designs in wanton disregard of all treaty obligations, and peaceful methods of adjusting international disputes. They have had to resort increasingly to agencies of deception, terrorism and violence. It is this reliance upon force, this lust for conquest, this determination to dominate throughout the world which is the real cause of the war that today threatens the freedom of mankind.

The fate of a single city, the preservation of the independence of a particular nation are the occasion, not the real cause, of the present conflict. The forces of evil have been loosed in the world in a struggle between the pagan conception of a social order which ignores the individual and is based upon the doctrine of might and a civilization based upon the Christian conception of the brotherhood of man, with its regard for the sanctity of contractual relations and the sacredness of human personality.

As President Roosevelt said on opening Congress on January 4: "There comes a time in the affairs of men when they must prepare to defend, not their homes alone, but the tenets of faiths and humanity on which their churches, their Governments, and their very civilizations are founded. The defense of religion, of democracy, and of good faith among nations is all the same fight. To save one we must make up our minds to save all."

This, I believe, is the position in which all nations that cherish free institutions, individual liberty and social justice find themselves today.

I need not review the events of the last few days. They must be present in the minds of all. Despite her unceasing efforts to preserve the peace of Europe, the United Kingdom has today, in the determination to honour her pledges and meet her treaty obligations, become involved in war.

This morning the King [George VI], speaking to his peoples at home and across the seas, appealed to all to make their own the cause of freedom, which Britain again has taken up. Canada has already answered that call. On Friday last, the Government, speaking on behalf of the Canadian people, announced that in the event of the United Kingdom becoming engaged in war in the effort to resist aggression, they would, as soon as Parliament meets, seek its authority for effective cooperation by Canada at the side of Britain.

As you are aware, I have all along felt that the danger of war was such that Parliament should not be dissolved, but be available to consider any emergency that might arise. Parliament will meet Thursday next. Between now and then all necessary measures will be taken for the defense of Canada. Consultations with the United Kingdom will be continued. In the light of all the information at its disposal, the government will then recommend to Parliament the measures which it believes to be the most effective for cooperation and defence.

That Parliament will sanction all necessary measures, I have not the least doubt. Already I have received from the Leader of the Opposition [Robert James Manion], and from representatives of the other parties in the House of Commons, assurances of their full appreciation of the gravity of the situation, and of their desire to see that such measures are adopted as in the present crisis will best serve the national interest.

Our first concern is with the defence of Canada. To be helpful to others, we must ourselves be strong, secure and united. In anticipation of a state of war, the Government has already availed itself of the provisions of the War Measures Act, to take essential measures for the defense of our coasts, our land and our people. As has already been announced, the militia of Canada, the naval service and the air force are already on active service.

This morning these measures were supplemented by others including the proclamation of the Defence of Canada Regulations. Measures have also been taken to prevent profiteering in the necessaries of life. Of the latter measures my colleague, the Minister of Labour, will speak to you in a moment. In what manner and to what extent Canada may most effectively be able to cooperate in the common cause is, as I have already stated, something which Parliament itself will decide. All I need to add at the moment is that Canada, as a free nation of the British Commonwealth, is bringing her cooperation voluntarily. Our effort will be voluntary.

The people of Canada will, I know, face the days of stress and strain which lie ahead with calm and resolute courage. There is no home in Canada, no family, and no individual whose fortunes and freedom are not bound up in the present struggle. I appeal to my fellow Canadians to unite in a national effort to save from destruction all that makes life itself worth living, and to preserve for future generations those liberties and institutions which others have bequeathed to us.

Royal proclamation

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The proclamation of George VI, king of Canada, "declaring that a state of war with the German Reich exists and has existed in our dominion of Canada as and from the tenth day of September, 1939". The Great Seal of Canada is affixed above the Attorney General's signature and the signature of the Governor-General, the Lord Tweedsmuir, is at the top as a witness.

The following proclamation was published in the Canada Gazette, Canada's official publication of record, the morning following Canada's declaration of war on Nazi Germany.

The Canada Gazette
PROCLAMATION

TWEEDSMUIR,

[L.S.]

CANADA

GEORGE THE SIXTH, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas KING, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.[n 1]

TO ALL WHOM these Presents shall come or whom the same may in anywise concern.

GREETING:


A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS by and with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada We have signified Our Approval of the issue a Proclamation in the Canada Gazette declaring that a State of War with the German Reich exists and has existed in Our Dominion of Canada as and from the tenth day of September, 1939;

NOW THEREFORE We do hereby Declare and Proclaim that a State of War with the German Reich exists and has existed in Our Dominion of Canada as and from the tenth day of September, 1939.

OF ALL WHICH Our Loving Subjects and all others whom these Presents may concern are hereby required to take notice and govern themselves accordingly.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF We have caused these Our Letters to be made Patent and the Great Seal of Canada to be hereunto affixed. WITNESS: Our Right Trusty and Well-beloved John, Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield, a Member of Our Most Honourable Privy Council, Knight Grand Cross of Our Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of Our Royal Victorian Order, Member of Our Order of the Companions of Honour, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Our Dominion of Canada.

AT OUR GOVERNMENT HOUSE [Rideau Hall], in Our City of Ottawa, this tenth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine and in the Third year of Our Reign.

By Command.

W. L. MACKENZIE KING

Prime Minister of Canada.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The style and title used here was determined by the British Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927. The act struck the phrase United Kingdom of before Great Britain. The current style and title of the Canadian sovereign was determined by Canadian law in 1953.

References

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  1. ^ Stacey, C.P. (1948), "The Canadian Army 1939–1945" (PDF), The Canada Gazette, Ottawa: King's Printer: 1, retrieved 8 February 2023
  2. ^ "Canada Declares its Intentions to Support the United Kingdom". YouTube. CBC News. September 3, 1939. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  3. ^ 1939 Canada at the Side of Britain, CBC, archived from the original on 20 February 2016, retrieved 11 February 2016
  4. ^ a b c d e Rossignol, Michael (August 1992), Parliament, the National Defence Act, and the Decision to Participate, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 8 February 2023
  5. ^ a b King, William Lyon Mackenzie (29 June 1937), W.L. Mackenzie King's Diary, June 29, 1937, Juno Beach Centre, retrieved 12 February 2023
  6. ^ a b Juno Beach Centre, Canada in the Second World War > Aggression and Impunity, Digital Museums Canada, retrieved 12 February 2023
  7. ^ John MacFarlane (1999), Ernest Lapointe and Quebec's Influence on Canadian Foreign Policy, University of Toronto Press, p. 109
  8. ^ a b c d Granatstein, J.L. (27 August 2019), "How Mackenzie King convinced Canada to go to war in 1939", Maclean's, Rogers Media, retrieved 11 February 2023
  9. ^ a b c d e Case, Gordon C. (21 December 2004), "The Lessons of Munich: Mackenzie King's Campaign to Prepare Canada for War", Canadian Military Journal, Department of National Defence, retrieved 11 February 2023
  10. ^ a b Ross, J. Andrew (10 September 2018), Canada's first declaration of war, Library and Archives Canada, retrieved 11 February 2023
  11. ^ Juno Beach Centre, Canada Declares War, Digital Museums Canada, retrieved 11 February 2023
  12. ^ Parcasio, Marjun (15 May 2017), The Statute of Westminster: A Stepping Stone towards Canadian Independence, Law Now, retrieved 11 February 2023
  13. ^ [8][10][11][12]
  14. ^ a b c "1939: King prepares Canada for war with Germany". CBC Digital Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  15. ^ a b Heard, Andrew (1990). Canadian Independence. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  16. ^ a b Scott, F.R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". The American Journal of International Law. 38 (1). American Society of International Law: 34–49. doi:10.2307/2192530. JSTOR 2192530. S2CID 147122057.
  17. ^ a b c "Canada and the World: A History – 1939–1945: The World at War". Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Granatstein, J. L. (September 9, 2009). "Going to war? 'Parliament will decide'". The Globe and Mail.
  19. ^ a b Partners for Victory: Canada and the United Kingdom in World War II (PDF). High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom. p. 2. Retrieved 23 May 2011.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ [14][4][17][18][19]
  21. ^ Fortin, Steve (6 February 2008). "Is 'declaration of war' an antiquated expression". The Maple Leaf. 11 (5). Department of National Defence of Canada/Canadian Forces: 6. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  22. ^ [18][17][21]
  23. ^ Creighton, Donald; The Forked Road: Canada 1939–1957; McClelland and Stewart; 1976; p. 2.
  24. ^ Brode, Patrick (1 May 2006), "War power and the Royal Prerogative", Law Times, Thomson Reuters Canada Ltd., archived from the original on 22 November 2012, retrieved 2 August 2012
  25. ^ "Allies take Sicily". CBC Digital Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  26. ^ [14][17][18][19][25]
  27. ^ Canada at War, Office of Director of Public Information of Canada, 1941, p. 7
  28. ^ Railway Carmen's Journal, vol. 47–48, Brotherhood Railway Carmen of the United States and Canada, Brotherhood Railway Carmen of America, 1942
  29. ^ Debates, vol. 3, House of Commons of Canada, 1942, p. 2537
  30. ^ Stacey, C.P.; Foot, Richard (15 July 2013), "Second World War (WWII)", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 8 February 2023
  31. ^ William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (September 8, 1939). "The Address – Mr. Mackenzie King". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Canada: House of Commons of Canada. pp. 31–32.
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