Candidula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, .[2][3] the hairy snails and their allies.
| Candidula | |
|---|---|
| |
| Two live individuals of Candidula unifasciata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Genus: | Candidula Kobelt, 1871[1] |
| Type species | |
| Glischrus (Helix) candidula Studer, 1820
| |
| Synonyms | |
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The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.
Species
editSpecies within the genus Candidula s.l. include:[4]
- Candidula candidescens A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
- Candidula castriota Soós, 1924
- Candidula cavannae (Paulucci, 1881)
- Candidula codia (Bourguignat, 1859)
- Candidula eustricta (Bourguignat, 1863) [5]
- Candidula lernaea Hausdorf, 1991
- Candidula rhabdotoides (Wagner, 1928)
- Candidula rugosiuscula (Michaud, 1831)
- † Candidula soosi (Gaál, 1910)
- Candidula syrensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum)
- Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) - type species
- Candidula verticillata (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)
- Species brought into synonymy
- Candidula arganica (Servain, 1880): synonym of Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
- Candidula belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
- Candidula camporroblensis (Fez, 1944): synonym of Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
- Candidula corbellai Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
- Candidula coudensis Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
- Candidula fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
- Candidula gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of Backeljaia gigaxii (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
- Candidula grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
- Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801): synonym of Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
- Candidula najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
- Candidula olisippensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
- Candidula rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
- Candidula setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of Xeroplexa setubalensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
- Candidula spadae (Calcara, 1845): synonym of Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
- † Candidula striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of † Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
- Candidula ultima (Mousson, 1872): synonym of Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)
Taxonomy
editMolecular phylogenetic studies revealed the polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera[6]
The species of Candidula s.l. should be classified as follows:
- Backeljaia
- Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944)
- Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
- Backeljaia gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847) type species
- Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
- Candidula
- Orexana
- Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) type species
- Xerogyra
- Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
- Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881)
- Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845)
- Xeroplexa
- Xeroplexa arrabidensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa carrapateirensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
- Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801)
- Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa ponsulensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa scabiosula (Locard, 1899)
- Xeroplexa setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
- Xeroplexa strucki (Maltzan, 1886)
- Zarateana
- Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) type species
- Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
References
edit- ^ (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. PDF.
- ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25
- ^ Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.
- ^ Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
- ^ WMSDB: Candudula eustricta
- ^ Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID 29107619.
- Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candidula.
Wikispecies has information related to Candidula.
- Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34
- Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368