The Caparaó Guerrilla was the second armed insurgency attempt against the Brazilian military dictatorship made by impeached former soldiers.[3] Inspired by the Sierra Maestra guerrilla, it took place in the Serra do Caparaó, on the border between the states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, from 1966 to 1967.[4][5][6][7] It was the Second Guerrilla against the Brazilian Military Dictatorship, after the Três Passos Guerrilla, connected to it.
| Caparaó Guerrilla | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship | |||||||
 Caparaó Guerrillas being extended to the Superior Military Court, April 20, 1967. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
MNR Supported by:  CubaAP | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | 17 militants[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
History
editBackground
editIn April 1964, a coup d'état overthrew João Goulart's Govermnent, starting the Military Dictatorship in Brazil, Leonel Brizola was the only political leader to support the president, sheltering him in Porto Alegre and hoping a bid to rouse the local army units towards the restoration of the toppled regime could be made. But later, he was defeated and exiled in Uruguay.[8] In March 1965, Leonel Brizola, would first try to form a insurection in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul state, with ex-military members, forming the Três Passos Guerrilla, making 2 attempts, but he later would be defeated again.[9]
Later the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), inspired by Brizola, would start a guerrilla in the Serra do Caparaó.
Guerrilla
editPromoted by the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), an organization initially based in Montevideo, the guerrilla had financial support from Cuba, obtained through negotiations between Leonel Brizola, assisted by the A.P (Popular Action), and the Cuban government.[10] According to Denise Rollemberg, some members of the group - mostly made up of ex-soldiers, expelled from the armed forces - also received training in Cuba.
In June, 1966, the MNR estabilish themselves in the Sítio de Criação de Cabras ('Goat Breeding Site'), in São João do Principe, Iuna, Espirito Santo. Militants were slowly coming to the area. Operations in Serra do Caparaó started in November, when they started entering the interior of the mountain range.[11]
Later, the Cuban government would have preferred to support Carlos Marighella's ALN. The movement lost its financial support and the guerrillas were practically abandoned at the top of the mountains.
The attempt to establish a guerrilla movement in the Caparaó mountain range was frustrated before the movement even took action. Its members remained there for a few months, carrying out training and reconnaissance of the region and were arrested by the Minas Gerais Military Police after being reported by the population themselves.[12] Speak by one of the guerrilla members.
Discovered by the intelligence services, the movement was rejected in April 1967, by a group from the Military Police of the State of Minas Gerais. According to sources, there was practically no exchange of fire. The guerrillas, around twenty exhausted and hungry men - some seriously weakened by the bubonic plague - were arrested at the site where they were sheltering or in neighboring cities.[13] Residents of the region were also detained for investigation.
Later, with all the guerrillas arrested, the armed forces began to question whether those men were really revolutionaries or just common criminals. Then, the Minas Gerais police photographed them and also photographed their documents, which proved that they were ex-military. A large joint operation between the Army and the Air Force was then set up, with support from the police, to eliminate other guerrillas who might be hiding in the mountains. However, there was no one else and the operation was nothing more than a show of force with the aim of discouraging other outbreaks of armed resistance across the country.[11][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Almeida, Dinoráh (2014). "A GUERRILHA ESQUECIDA: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil" (PDF). Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
- ^ Almeida, Dinoráh (2014). "A GUERRILHA ESQUECIDA: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil" (PDF). Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
- ^ "Caparaó - Press Release do filme" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2015. Ver seção Contexto Político
- ^ "Entre Cabras e Ratos - José Caldas da Costa - História Viva". Archived from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ "Ex-comandante revê história do 1º foco guerrilheiro contra ditadura - O Estado de Minas". 25 March 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ "Alto Caparaó e a Guerrilha". Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ "História da Guerrilha na Serra do Caparaó". Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ Robert Jackson Alexander, Eldon M. Parker, A history of organized labor in Brazil. Westport, CN: Praeger, 2003, ISBN 0-275-97738-2, page141
- ^ "Exército prende chefe e 17 dos Guerrilheiros - Almanaque Folha de S.Paulo - Publicado em segunda-feira, 29 de março de 1965". Retrieved October 3, 2015.
- ^ Frederico, Flavio. "Caparaó – Um filme de Flavio Frederico" (PDF).
- ^ a b "A Guerrilha Esquecida: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil - Dinoráh Lopes Rubim Almeida" (PDF).
- ^ "A Guerrilha de Caparaó, o medo da população e as táticas adotadas pelas tropas de repressão ao movimento para conquistar a simpatia popular (1966-1967)" (PDF). Lahes.ufjf.br.
- ^ "Entre Cabras e Ratos". 2015-06-05. Archived from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
- ^ "O Apoio de Cuba à luta armada no Brasil: o treinamento guerrilheiro - Denise Rollemberg" (PDF).
Sources
edit- Boiteux, Bayard Demaria. A Guerrilha do Caparaó e outros relatos. Rio de Janeiro: Inverta, 1998. il.
- Botosso, Marcelo. A Guerrilha de Caparaó: A Sierra Maestra Tupiniquim. Ensaios de História (Franca) , Franca-SP, v. 4, p. 131-137, 1999
- Costa, José Caldas da. Caparaó - a primeira guerrilha contra a ditadura. Prefácio de Carlos Heitor Cony. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2007. ISBN 978-85-7559-095-9
- Kuperman, Esther. A guerrilha do Caparaó (1966-1967). Rio de Janeiro, 1992. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rebello, Gilson. A Guerrilha de Caparaó. São Paulo: Alfa-Omega, 1980.
External links
edit- Caparaó. - Documentário de Flávio Frederico, vencedor do Festival É Tudo Verdade de 2006