Wikipedia

Cape independence

The article is about the secessionist movement. For the political parties centred around the movement, see Cape Independence Party and Referendum Party (South Africa).

Cape independence (Afrikaans: Kaapse onafhanklikheid; isiXhosa: inkululeko yaseKapa), also known by the portmanteau CapeXit,[1] is a secessionist political movement that seeks the independence of the Western Cape province (alongside Afrikaans-speaking portions of the Eastern and Northern Cape provinces in some proposals)[2] from South Africa.[3][4]

March for Cape Independence

Context

edit

Demographic context

edit
 
Borders of the Western Cape in dark red.

The Western Cape province is the most racially diverse province in South Africa,[5] being the single province with no majority racial group. A plurality of the Cape's inhabitants are 'Coloured', a diverse group of people with varying ancestry from Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia.[6][7] Just under half of Western Cape inhabitants speak Afrikaans as a first language, with sizeable minorities speaking isiXhosa and English as their first languages.[8]

Political context

edit

Mainstream political figures including John Steenhuisen, the leader of the Democratic Alliance, have indicated support for devolution proposals that would give the Western Cape more autonomy.[9] Critics of devolution proposals, including African National Congress (ANC) leaders, argue that they amount to covert support for Cape independence.[10]

Criticism

edit

Accusations of racism

edit
 
Committee members of the Cape Independence Advisory Group.

The Cape independence movement has been met with criticism involving racism.[11] Some critics allege that the movement is an attempt to create a white ethnonationalist state and seeking to reimplement the former apartheid system.[12][13] Polling conducted by Victory Research on behalf of the Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG) in Q3 2023 found that 62% of white people, 78% of coloured people, and 31% of black people supported Cape independence.[14]

In April 2022, the CIAG was accused of racism for a pictograph which depicted the rest of South Africa as black and the Western Cape as shades of brown, black, and white. This was displayed alongside two other images with the imagery of the USSR and ANC over South Africa, with only the Western Cape showing the Ukrainian and Democratic Alliance colours under the heading "We're Just Different".[15][16]

Legality arguments

edit

Critics argue that a constitutional amendment would be required, as Section 235 of the South African Constitution, while formally and officially establishing "the right of self-determination of any community sharing a common cultural and language heritage", does not place a legal obligation for the National Assembly to respect this right to self determination; and hence, that a referendum would be non-binding; nor does it provide a framework for a territory of the Republic to secede.[17][18] Furthermore, critics argue that advocating is tantamount to sedition[19] – however, former National Prosecuting Authority spokesperson Mthunzi Mhlaga has stated that secession is a political matter.[20]

Spectre of civil war

edit

It is claimed by other opponents of the Cape independence movement that even if a successful referendum were to be held, the national government would never recognise the outcome and would commission the military to control the region, thus leading to a possible civil war.[21][22][23][24]

History

edit

Formation of the Union of South Africa

edit
Main article: Union of South Africa § Previous attempts at unification

In the late 19th century there were four colonies and independent states in what is now South Africa – the British Cape Colony, Natal and the two Boer Republics – Orange Free State and South African Republic. There were numerous attempts to unify these separate entities due to fears of external (non-British) European powers potentially interfering.[25] Numerous proposals were put forward from a highly centralised unitary state to a more loose decentralised federation as proposed by powerful Cape politician Saul Solomon.[26] Ultimately these endeavours failed, and war broke out between the British Empire and the Boer Republics following the discovery of gold in the South African Republic.[27]

 
Map of the Cape Colony in 1809

Following the British victory in the war, the South Africa Act 1909 was passed by the British parliament and the newly conquered republics alongside the Cape Colony and Natal were unified into one centralised, unitary state – the Union of South Africa. This was unlike the formation of Canada and Australia which were created as federations.[28]

Degradation of non-racialism in the Cape

edit
Main article: Cape Qualified Franchise

The former Cape Colony was unique in that the franchise to vote was not determined by skin colour, but on residential, economical and educational requirements, in stark contrast to the other states in the region.[29] During the negotiations for the creation of the Union, the Cape's last Prime Minister, John X. Merriman, fought unsuccessfully to have this multi-racial franchise system extended to the rest of South Africa. The attempt failed in the face of opposition from the white governments of the other constituent states, which were determined to entrench white rule.[30][31]

The final version of the South Africa Act permitted the Cape Province to keep a newly restricted version of its traditional franchise, where qualification for suffrage was limited to education and wealth. This led to the Cape being the only province in South Africa where coloureds and black Africans could vote. However, the act also permitted the Parliament of South Africa to prescribe all other voting qualifications and it could override the Cape's franchise with a two-thirds majority.[32][33]

 
The multi-racial Cape opposition delegation which lobbied the London Convention on Union for the non-racial franchise. Present are prominent Cape politicians such as Abdurahman, John Tengo Jabavu, Walter Rubusana and William Schreiner.

Initially, the right to this franchise was upheld, but with the substantial support for segregation based policies from the incorporated northern regions, these rights were gradually reduced via acts of parliament.[34][35][36] This had a significant effect on the support for more liberal politics, such as the United Party, which drew large support from coloured people in the Cape. As a result, in 1948 the National Party won the national elections while campaigning on the platform of apartheid, being enable to draw on conservative white voters in the more densely populated north.[37][38]

Apartheid years

edit

In the subsequent apartheid years, the people of the Cape Province continued with their liberal traditions. In 1951, whilst in opposition to the National Party led government's move to finally strike all coloureds off the voters roll, the torch commando led many large scale protests in the Cape against those policies, with torch lit marches in Cape Town that drew up to 75,000 protesters.[39][40] Within parliament, opposition towards apartheid was led under the leadership of the Progressive Party, where the majority of their support was drawn from the Cape Province.[41][42]

As negotiations to end apartheid began, renewed calls to form a decentralised federal state came from the Democratic Party (successor to the Progressive Party) and the Freedom Front amongst others. In the end via CODESA accords, the National Party (NP) and African National Congress (ANC) agreed upon a partially-devolved unitary state instead.[43]

Post-apartheid

edit

With the fall of Apartheid and the implementation of a new constitution, the Cape Province and other provinces were divided into new provinces: The Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and a portion of the North West. During the 1994 election, the Western Cape was one of the only provinces who didn't vote for the ANC, instead opting to vote for the now reformed and non-racial New National Party. Throughout the following years, the ANC never managed to attain an outright majority in the Western Cape, only forming a provincial government once from 2004 to 2009 during a period of strong economic growth.[44][45] As economic growth stagnated alongside a rise in political scandals, such as the Arms Deal & HIV denialism, the Western Cape voted for the Democratic Alliance in 2009 who have been in office ever since.[46]

Growth

edit
 
The most widely used flag of the Cape Independence movement.

The modern Cape independence movement started in 2007[47] when the Cape Party was founded off a Facebook group based on the growing disillusionment with the national government's continued use of race-based policies and declining economic growth.[48][49] The movement gained little traction until the latter half of the 2010s when, after years of persistent government corruption,[50] the inability of the DA to significantly grow outside of the Cape,[51] slowed economic growth, and increasing nationalist rhetoric within and outside of the Cape,[52] other organisations such as CapeXit, Gatvol Capetonian, and the Sovereign State of Good Hope were formed.[2][53]

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and further disillusionment with the national government failing to reform despite a new leader, the movement began to gain momentum.[54] That same year the Cape Independence Advocacy Group (a political pressure group) was formed followed by polling on the issue to be conducted.[55] Later that year the Freedom Front Plus came out in support of Cape independence.[56]

With the persistence of the pandemic alongside large scale social unrest, where over 300 people died in the east and the north of the country in 2021, the movement continued to grow on this trajectory.[57][58]

In 2023 two bills were tabled in the Western Cape Provincial Legislature that sought to give the province more political power. The Western Cape People's Bill (WCPB), tabled by the FF+, was a bill that aimed to recognise 'Western Capetonians' as a distinct people from the rest of South Africa,[59] while the Western Cape Provincial Powers Bill (WCPPB) aimed to compel the Western Cape government to investigate and use all legal means to devolve as much power down to the province as possible.[60]

Referendum Ultimatum

edit

In October 2023 the Cape Referendum Alliance, a group of pro-independence organisations sent an ultimatum to Premier Alan Winde for him to call a referendum on independence or for him to ask the President of South Africa to call one. The Premier refused.

As a result the CIAG launched the Referendum Party (RP) in response. A single-issue political party that seeks to keep a DA-led Western Cape government but force the issue of a referendum as its coalition condition.[61]

edit

Calling of a referendum

edit

Section 127 of the South African Constitution gives provisions for the Premiers to call for referendums in their own province.[62] However, this is not currently legally possible. The Democratic Alliance has introduced a bill in 2021 to align the law with the constitution.[63] In addition, section 37(f) of the constitution of the Western Cape also gives provisions for Premiers to call for referendums. Proponents of secession hence argue that it is a possibility to hold a referendum on Cape Independence within the Western cape.[64]

Right to self-determination

edit

Section 235 of the Constitution of South Africa states:

 
Cape Republic Novelty Passport.

The right of the South African people as a whole to self-determination, as manifested in this Constitution, does not preclude, within the framework of this right, recognition of the notion of the right of self-determination of any community sharing a common cultural and language heritage, within a territorial entity in the Republic or in any other way, determined by national legislation.[65]

However, the qualifier of this right states that any such self-determination would occur "within a territorial entity in the Republic or in any other way, determined by national legislation". Section 235 does not explicitly grant the right to secede from South Africa. Enclaves such as Orania or the various African kingdoms within South Africa, while maintaining this right to self-determination, remain bound by the South African Constitution and legislation.

On the other hand, the South African Constitution makes it clear that both the Bill of Rights, and the Constitution itself, must consider International Law.

Section 39(1)(b) states:

When interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or forum (b) must consider international law;

Section 233 states:

When interpreting any legislation, every court must prefer any reasonable interpretation of the legislation that is consistent with international law over any alternative interpretation that is inconsistent with international law

Since 1994, South Africa has ratified three international covenants which guarantee the right of self-determination to all peoples:

On 9 July 1996 South Africa ratified the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) which, in Article 20, states that all peoples have the right to exist, that their right to self-determination is unquestionable and inalienable, and that they can freely pursue their economic and social development according to the policy they have freely chosen.

On 10 December 1998 South Africa ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which, in Article 1, states that all peoples have the right to self-determination, and by virtue of that right they can freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

On 12 January 2015 South Africa ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)[66] which, in Article 1, again states that all peoples have the right to self-determination, and by virtue of that right they can freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development;

Thus the right to self-determination has been proposed as a route for creating a legal framework wherein the Cape could secede from South Africa.[67][1]

On the other hand, some critics point out that remedial secession is seen as an 'extreme' measure, usually reserved for former colonies or when a people suffer 'extreme prejudice'. Hence they argue that self-determination is not necessarily synonymous with secession, nor does the former lead to the latter in the majority of cases.[68][69] Furthermore, despite the references to international law in the South African Constitution and Bill of Rights, international law does not contain an explicit right or legal framework for secession.[69]

Recently, this view was undermined when Dr Alfred de Zayas, the United Nation's (UN) 'Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order', tabled a report to the General Assembly of the UN in 2014 which clarified that self-determination cannot be limited to de-colonisation and that secession is a legitimate expression of self-determination.[70] De Zayas followed this up with a 2017 paper 'The law on self-determination today'[71] and a second report to the UN General Assembly in 2018.[72]

Opinion polling and support

edit

Support

edit

Empirical data shows that Cape independence has gathered a substantial amount of support amongst residents of the Western Cape. CapeXit, an NGO gathering signed mandates in support of independence has garnered over 820,000 signatures of registered Western Cape voters.[3] The legitimacy of this figure is however disputed, but the organisation states that it has implemented mechanisms to verify that the identity numbers are indeed legitimate.[73] This figure is far below the 2021 polling results, which show that 46% (or 1.39 million) of registered Western Cape voters do support independence.[74][75][76]

Opinion polling

edit

There have been three opinion polls conducted by Victory Research,[77] a South African based market research company whose clientele includes the Democratic Alliance, Uber, British American Tobacco, First Rand, and KPMG.[78]

Another poll was done by Brazilian based AtlasIntel as part of their 2024 South African general election polling. It asked respondents across South Africa whether they supported Cape Independence - inclusive of the Northern and Eastern Cape.

Date

Conducted

Polling Organisation Sample Size Margin of Error In favour of holding a referendum Against holding a referendum In favour of Independence Against Independence
July 2020 Victory Research [1] 802 ±4% 46.6% 52.3% 35.8% 63.3%
July 2021 Victory Research [2] 886 ±5% 58% 39.5% 46.2% 49.6%
August 2023 Victory Research [3] 1080 ±5% 68% 30.2% 58.4% 34.8%
May

2024

AtlasIntel*[4] 383* ±2%^ N/A N/A 35.7% 53.6%

*Values taken for Western Cape only.
^Margin of error for entire survey and not WC results only.
Note: Values don't add up to 100% on the account of those not expressing an opinion or uncertain.

Western Cape Electoral results

edit
Evolution of the independence vote in WC Provincial elections
Year Pro-independence votes Population Valid
votes[a] 		Turnout[a] Pro-independence
political parties 		Comments
Number % of total
valid votes
2009 2,552 0.13% 5,356,800 1,967,751 75.4% Cape Party (2,552) Cape Party formed in 2007
2014 – – 6 116 300 (estimate) 2,121,153 72.76% – No pro-independence parties competed.
2019 9,331 0.45% 6,844,272 (estimate) 2,057,212 66.28% Cape Party (9,331) Cape Party competes again after 10 year absence
2024 33,581 (67,162)* 1.71% (4.1%)* 7,497,706 (estimate) 1,958,280 59.48% FF+ (28,471);
RP (5,110);
NCC* (46,770)		 FF+ announces their support for independence.
Newly formed RP competes.
Cape Party reformed into CIP fails to qualify

*The NCC were ambiguous in their stance but had previously publicly voiced support.

Arguments used by supporters

edit
 
In clockwise order from top left, maps showing:
  1. Frequently included municipalities in the Cape independence movement.
  2. Coloured people as a percentage of the population.
  3. Party with the largest share in a voting district.
  4. Percentage of the population with Afrikaans as a home language.

Proponents of Cape independence advocate for the secession of the Cape from South Africa along numerous lines:

Cultural

edit

The Cape region is demographically distinct from the rest of the country: with the first language of most inhabitants being Afrikaans, the region being much more ethnically diverse and with the largest ethnic group being Coloureds.[8] This blend of groups and culture has given the Cape a unique cultural heritage such as the Kaapse Klopse minstrel parades or Cape Malay cuisine.[79]

Economic

edit

Proponents have argued that the current economic policies of South Africa are stifling growth and development, and that an independent Cape, with a more economically liberal ideology, would be better off.[67]

Ideological

edit

The Western Cape is the only province in the country never to have voted for the ruling ANC in a majority. It is also the only province that has a provincial government not controlled by that party.[80] The greater Cape region traditionally draws substantial support for the DA, with the more liberal party drawing strong support from Coloureds, and more generally from people with English or Afrikaans as a first language.[81]

Non-racialism

edit

Some proponents of independence claim that South Africa is a highly racialised country. In an August 2023 poll conducted by the CIAG, only 31% of Black respondents agreed that "I believe that South Africa belongs to everyone who lives here regardless of their race", compared with 80% of Coloureds and 88% of Whites.[14]

Likewise, proponents argue that race-based laws, such as Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)—which is a policy aimed at addressing the inequalities created by apartheid implemented by the national government—unfairly discriminate against most inhabitants of the Western Cape. Coloured leaders such as Fadiel Adams state that under the current BEE laws, coloured people are unfairly discriminated against. As national demographic quotas (nine percent) are imposed upon a region where coloureds make up the majority.[82]

Proponents hence campaign on making an independent Cape non-racial where race-based laws (and even racial categories) are outlawed.[83][84]

Stability

edit

Proponents of Cape independence have cited the riots in the east and the north of the country in July 2021 as evidence of social instability in South Africa.[58] People of the Western Cape believe that their home province is better governed than the rest of the country – a sympathy shared with a number of other South Africans more broadly.[57] Supporters of Cape independence hence argue that an independent Cape would be better run, and be able to provide more stability to its people.[85] However, given that the Western Cape houses some of the regions with the worst murder rates in South Africa, it is uncertain if this perception of stability is true.[86]

Involved organisations

edit

Below a table is presented with some of the organisations involved in the Cape independence movement.

Organisation Name Type Goal Regions Included
Cape Independence Advocacy Group[57] Lobby Group Pressure the Western Cape government to hold a referendum Western Cape
Referendum Party[87] Political Party Coalition in Western Cape government and demand a referendum Western Cape
CapeXit[4] NGO Secure enough mandates to pressure for the holding of a referendum Western Cape
National Coloured Congress[88] Political Party Coalition in Western Cape government and demand a referendum Western Cape and majority coloured areas of the Eastern and Northern Cape.
Cape Independence Party[76] Political Party Coalition in Western Cape government and demand a referendum Western Cape, majority and plurality Afrikaans speaking regions of the Eastern and Northern Cape, and Free State.
Freedom Front Plus[56] Political Party Coalition in Western Cape government and demand a referendum Western Cape
Gatvol Capetonian[89] Civil group Civic group promoting Coloured rights Western Cape and majority coloured areas of the Eastern and Northern Cape.
Sovereign State of Good Hope[90] Civil group Seek independence via aboriginal rights under international law Western Cape, entirety of Northern Cape and western-half of Eastern Cape.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b Blank and null votes are subtracted from the number of voters

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "The CapeXit mission: Can this be Brexit for the Western Cape?". The South African. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Khoi-San king declares that the Cape has seceded from SA". The Citizen. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b Nkanjeni, Unathi. "An independent Western Cape on the cards? Here is what you need to know about the independence bid". TimesLIVE. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Westkapers streven naar onafhankelijkheid" [Western Capes strive for independence]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  5. ^ "Separatisme in Zuid-Afrika" [Separatism in South Africa]. Doorbraak.be (in Dutch). 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  6. ^ Schmid, Randolph E. (30 April 2009). "Africans have world's greatest genetic variation". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  7. ^ Tishkoff, S.A.; Reed, F.A.; Friedlaender, F.R.; et al. (April 2023). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
  8. ^ a b Census 2011: Statistical release (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  9. ^ Steenhuisen, John (1 November 2022). "John Steenhuisen | The revolution has failed. Let's try devolution". News24. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  10. ^ Githahu, Mwangi (30 May 2023). "ANC slams DA 'devolution of powers bill'". IOL. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  11. ^ Bhengu, Lebelihle. "'A Boer republic is a failed dream' – Ndlozi responds to calls for Western Cape independence". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  12. ^ Poplak, Richard (3 February 2019). "TRAINSPOTTER: Cape of Good Nope — How a fringe party heralds arrival of brave new balkanisation". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  13. ^ Verwoerd, Melanie. "Melanie Verwoerd | Wexit: Should the Western Cape become independent?". News24. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  14. ^ a b CIAG Website (August 2023). "Victory Research Polling Data from CIAG Website 23". CIAG. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  15. ^ Nefdt, Ashleigh (4 April 2022). "'We're Just Different' pictograph lands CIAG in hot water over perceived racism". www.capetownetc.com. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  16. ^ Nkanjeni, Unathi (4 April 2022). "Cape Independence Advocacy Group apologises for 'racist' tweet". TimesLIVE.
  17. ^ Vos, Pierre de (12 August 2020). "OPINIONISTA: Fringe talk of Western Cape secession is reactionary – and unachievable". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Western Cape secession 'a completely dumb idea that legally can never happen'". CapeTalk. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  19. ^ Wright, Jonathan (28 July 2020). "Cape Independence: A Legal Question of Constitutional Compatibility". Rational Standard. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020.
  20. ^ "InfoUpdate 1 of 2010 – Recent Judgments – Eastern Cape: Mthatha". www.lawlibrary.co.za. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  21. ^ Daniel, Luke (22 July 2018). "Western Cape independence: Is secession from South Africa possible?". The South African. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  22. ^ Vegter, Ivo (13 August 2021). "Cape independence popularity boost". Daily Friend. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  23. ^ Githahu, Mwangi (16 August 2021). "Idea of a Western Cape secession dismissed as unrealistic, dangerous". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Could The Western Cape Secede? | eNCA". www.enca.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  25. ^ Malherbe, V.C. (1971). What They Said. 1795–1910 History Documents. Cape Town: Maskew Miller.
  26. ^ Solomon, W. E. C (1948). Saul Solomon – the Member for Cape Town. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  27. ^ Smith, Iain R. (1996). The Origins of the South African War, 1899–1902.
  28. ^ South Africa Act, 1909, 9 Edward VII, Chapter 9. It can be found at wikisource.org/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909.
  29. ^ Rydon, Joan (1956). "The Constitutional Crisis In South Africa". The Australian Quarterly. 28 (1): 38–47. ISSN 0005-0091. JSTOR 41317749.
  30. ^ Laurence, P.M. (1930). The life of John Xavier Merriman. Richard R. Smith Inc.
  31. ^ Lewsen, P., ed. (1963). Selections from the Correspondence of J.X. Merriman. Cape Town: Van Riebeek Soc.
  32. ^ "EISA South Africa: White domination and Black resistance (1881–1948)". Eisa.org.za. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  33. ^ "The South African Legal Structure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  34. ^ "EISA South Africa: Historical franchise arrangements". Eisa.org.za. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  35. ^ "Natives in South Africa". The Glasgow Herald. 16 June 1937.[permanent dead link‍]
  36. ^ The South African Constitution, pp 101–109 (for the details of the native representative seats)
  37. ^ "Apartheid FAQ". about.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  38. ^ "The 1948 election and the National Party Victory". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 16 August 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  39. ^ "A History of the Springbok Legion | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  40. ^ "23 May 1952 – Most Powerful Man In South Africa". Trove.nla.gov.au. 23 May 1952. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  41. ^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 82. ISBN 9780313313578.
  42. ^ Leon, Tony (2009). On the Contrary: Leading the Opposition in the New South Africa. Jonathan Ball Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86842-259-3.
  43. ^ "The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA): CODESA 1 | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  44. ^ "Election 2004 – Results for the Western Cape". Western Cape Government. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  45. ^ "South Africa's economic performance under President Thabo Mbeki". South African Market Insights. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  46. ^ "Shock loss of key province mars ANC national victory in South African election". The Guardian. 25 April 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  47. ^ "Cape Party grows out of Facebook". The Media Online. 9 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  48. ^ "Cape must secede from SA". Independent Online. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  49. ^ ""It's blindly obvious to everyone living in the Cape that there's no future for SA" – Jack Miller". BizNews.com. 18 August 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  50. ^ ISSAfrica.org (10 April 2017). "South Africa pays the price of state capture". ISS Africa. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  51. ^ Toit, Pieter du. "ANALYSIS | Leadership and race: DA review panel a devastating blow for Mmusi Maimane". News24. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  52. ^ "Cape's race tensions fuel 'Wexit'". The Mail & Guardian. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  53. ^ Vegter, Ivo (21 October 2019). "OPINIONISTA: Dreaming of a Cape Republic: Secession may promise liberal salvation, but faces high hurdles". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  54. ^ "Cyril Ramaphosa is running out of time to reform South Africa". The Economist. 19 October 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  55. ^ "Party backs secession of Western Cape from South Africa". www.aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  56. ^ a b Payne, Suné (10 November 2020). "CAPE TOWN PRESS CLUB: 'Our future lies in an independent Western Cape,' says Corné Mulder of FF+". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  57. ^ a b c Charles, Marvin. "Cape Independence: Lobby group says recent survey 'places intense pressure' on DA to hold referendum". News24. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  58. ^ a b "Cape independence resolve absolutely strengthened by July riots – Patrick Melly". BizNews.com. 3 August 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  59. ^ "Cape Independence about to take a big step with imminent Bill tabled in WC Provincial Parliament". Bizznews. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  60. ^ Felix, Jason (28 June 2023). "Western Cape govt seeks to pass law giving provincial and local authorities more powers". Media24. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  61. ^ TANDWA, LIZEKA. "Referandum Party for Cape independence to call the DA's bluff". Maig & Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  62. ^ "Provinces – Chapter 6, Section 103-150". The South African Constitution. The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  63. ^ Felix, Jason. "Premiers must have powers to call for referendums for greater devolution of power – DA". News24. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  64. ^ Staff Writer. "New bill wants a big shake-up for politics in South Africa – including the end of poor service delivery". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  65. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 14: General provisions | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  66. ^ UN (3 January 1976). "ICESCR".
  67. ^ a b "Cape independence may see support as dissatisfaction grows – Katzenellenbogen". BizNews.com. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  68. ^ Abel, Mia (18 May 2020). "Is There a Right to Secession in International Law?". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  69. ^ a b "Self-Determination and Secession Under International Law: The Cases of Kurdistan and Catalonia | ASIL". www.asil.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  70. ^ "Statement by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order at the 69th session of the General Assembly". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023.
  71. ^ AdZ self-determination today ccncat.cat
  72. ^ "A/HRC/37/63: Report of the Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order – Note by the Secretariat". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023.
  73. ^ Molyneaux, Anthony. "CapeXit defends '800,000 registrations' amid legitimacy concerns". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  74. ^ "New CIAG Poll on Cape Independence 2021". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  75. ^ "58% of people in the Western Cape want a referendum on Cape independence – Phil Craig". BizNews.com. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  76. ^ a b Staff Writer. "Cape Party launches bid for Western Cape independence". Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  77. ^ Guppy, Darius (12 September 2020). "The growing case for an independent Western Cape". www.spectator.co.uk. The Spectator. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  78. ^ "Client – Victory". Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  79. ^ Thompson, Andrew (5 October 2016). "Cape Malay Cuisine: South Africa's Unique Southeast Asian Food Culture". Culture Trip. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  80. ^ "IEC election results home – Electoral Commission of South Africa". www.elections.org.za. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  81. ^ "The supporter profiles of SA's three largest parties – Ipsos – NEWS & ANALYSIS – Politicsweb". www.politicsweb.co.za. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.
  82. ^ Patel, Nereesha (7 June 2018). "Who Are 'Gatvol Capetonian', And Why Do They Hate Politicians So Much?". 2oceansvibe News | South African and international news. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  83. ^ Craig, Phil. "OPINION | Dear Melanie, Cape independence stinks of democracy, not racism!". News24. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  84. ^ "Western Cape Independence Activists Encouraged by Provincial Election Results". The World Unreported. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  85. ^ "Can anyone prove the Western Cape is not better off alone? – Cape Independence". BizNews.com. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  86. ^ Felix, Jason. "343 murders in 90 days: Crime stats reveal that five of SA's most dangerous areas are in Cape Town". News24. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  87. ^ "Kaapse onafhanklikheid: Nuwe party gestig".
  88. ^ Shepherd, Ling (4 October 2021). "The Capexit battle royale #LGE2021". The Daily Vox. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  89. ^ "'Gatvol Capetonian' comes under fierce attack for independence call". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  90. ^ Allgemeine Zeitung (3 April 2018). "Die Aborigines Südafrikas organisieren sich" [The Aborigines of South Africa organize themselves]. www.az.com.na (in German). Retrieved 18 August 2021.
edit

Links to major Cape Independence organisation's webpages:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_independence&oldid=1257789383"