Carboni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Amedeo Carboni, Italian footballer
- Andrea Carboni (born 2001), Italian footballer
- Berardo Carboni, Italian director
- Bernardino Carboni, Italian decorator and wood sculptor of the Baroque period
- Edvige Carboni, Italian mystic, venerated in Roman Catholic Church
- Ezequiel Alejo Carboni, Argentine footballer
- Francesco Carboni, Italian baroque period artist
- Franco Carboni (born 2003), Argentine footballer
- Gaetano Carboni, Italian former swimmer
- Giacomo Carboni (1889-1973), Italian general
- Giovanni Battista Carboni, Italian sculptor, painter and writer
- Giovanni Bernardo Carboni (1614-1683), Italian artist
- Giovanni Carboni (born 1995), Italian cyclist
- Guido Carboni, Italian footballer
- Jean-Michel Carboni, Businessman and CEO (Engie group)
- Jérémie Carboni, French producer, director and a political advisor
- Leonardo Carboni, Argentine footballer
- Luca Carboni, Italian musician
- Luigi Carboni, Italian painter of the late-Renaissance period
- Nicole Carboni (born 1991), Costa Rican-American fashion model, television and athlete
- Paola Renata Carboni, Italian mystic
- Raffaello Carboni (1817-1875), Italian writer and revolutionary
- Romolo Carboni (1911–1999), Italian prelate of the Catholic Church
- Roberto Eduardo Carboni, Argentine footballer
- Valentín Carboni (born 2005), Argentine footballer
- Yrius Carboni, Brazilian footballer