Caroline Weldon (born Susanna Karolina Faesch; 4 December 1844 – 15 March 1921) was a Swiss-American artist and activist with the National Indian Defense Association. Weldon became a confidante and the personal secretary to the Lakota Sioux Indian leader Sitting Bull during the time when Plains Indians had adopted the Ghost Dance movement.
Caroline Weldon | |
|---|---|
 Weldon in 1915 | |
| Born | Susanna Karolina Faesch 4 December 1844 Kleinbasel, Canton Basel, Switzerland |
| Died | 15 March 1921 (aged 76) Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Pen name | Caroline Weldon |
| Occupation | Artist, Indian Rights activist |
| Nationality | Swiss, American |
Early life and education
editCaroline Weldon was born Susanna Karolina Faesch on 4 December 1844, in Kleinbasel, Canton Basel, Switzerland.[1] Her father was Johann Lukas Faesch, a career Swiss military officer serving in a Swiss regiment in France. Her mother was Anna Maria Barbara, née Marti. She was a member of the Faesch family, who were part of the Swiss nobility.
She immigrated to America in 1852, together with her mother, settling in Brooklyn, New York. That year, her mother was remarried to the exiled German revolutionary and physician, Dr. Karl Heinrich Valentiny, who ran a medical practice in Brooklyn. In 1866, Susanna Carolina Faesch was married in Brooklyn to Dr. Bernhard Claudius Schlatter, a physician and fellow Swiss. Her marriage to Schlatter proved to be childless and unhappy.
In June 1876, she ran away with a married man identified in court records as Christopher J. Stevenson. Briefly residing with Stevenson in a rented apartment in Hoboken, New Jersey, she gave birth to a boy, she named Christie, in late 1876 or early 1877. Her relationship with Stevenson deteriorated, and he soon abandoned her to return to his wife of many years. Caroline returned to Brooklyn to live with her mother and stepfather. Her estranged husband Bernhard Schlatter filed for divorce which was granted in 1883.[2][3]
Career
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Following her desertion by Stevenson and her divorce from Bernhard Schlatter, Weldon became committed to the cause of Native Americans. Upon her mother's death in 1887, she inherited some money which gave her the means to pursue her interests freely, including her interest in art. Sometime thereafter, she changed her name to Caroline Weldon, presumably to allow her to put her past behind her, although her exact reasons for this action remain unknown.
In the summer of 1889, Caroline Weldon traveled to Dakota Territory to fulfill her dream of living among the Sioux. She joined the National Indian Defense Association (NIDA), headed by Dr. Thomas Bland and his wife Cora Bland. Weldon began to aid the Sioux in their struggle to fight the US government's attempt via the Dawes Act to expropriate vast portions of the Great Sioux Reservation for the purpose of opening some up for white settlement and with the intent of rendering the creations of the two new states of North Dakota and South Dakota economically viable. Weldon befriended Sitting Bull, leader of the traditionalist faction among the Sioux, and she acted as his secretary, interpreter, and advocate. She painted four portraits of Sitting Bull, three of which are known to have survived. One is now held by the North Dakota Historical Society in Bismarck, North Dakota, the other at the Historic Arkansas Museum in Little Rock, Arkansas and a third one was sold at auction in Florida in April 2023 remaining in private hands.
After she had moved with her young son Christie to live at Sitting Bull's compound on the Grand River at Standing Rock Indian Reservation, her confrontations and open defiance of Indian Agent James McLaughlin engendered enmity. McLaughlin initiated a smear campaign, resulting in her being reviled by much of the white community and vilified in the national press. When the Ghost Dance Movement swept through the Indian Reservations of the West in the summer of 1890, she denounced the movement. Weldon warned Sitting Bull that the Ghost Dance movement would give the government a pretext to harm him and to summon the military for intervention which would destroy the Sioux Nation. Sitting Bull turned against her and, upon her son falling ill in November, she decided to leave.
While traveling via riverboat to her new home in Kansas City, Missouri, her son died near Pierre, South Dakota, on 19 November 1890. The subsequent events of Sitting Bull's murder on 15 December 1890, and the Wounded Knee massacre on 29 December 1890, added to her sense of futility and failure. She lived briefly in Kansas City with her nephew Friedrich William Schleicher, a school teacher, only to return eventually to Brooklyn. She disappeared into obscurity soon after.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
Later life
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Weldon died alone in her Brooklyn apartment on 15 March 1921. The cause of death was accidental third degree burns to her face and body caused by a fire that was sparked by a candle. She was interred at the Valentiny family plot at Green Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[10]
Legacy
editThe poet and playwright Derek Walcott refers to Weldon and her life in his play The Ghost Dance and in his epic poem Omeros. (In the poem, she is referred to as Catherine Weldon.) He features Native American history together with that of the demise of the Native Arawak people in St. Lucia, in the Caribbean.[citation needed]
The film Woman Walks Ahead starring Jessica Chastain chronicles Weldon's life among the Sioux. https://time.com/5325716/woman-walks-ahead-true-story-fact-fiction/ "Weldon, 52 years old at this point, went to Standing Rock (in June 1889 and again in May 1890) first and foremost to be Sitting Bull’s “advocate and translator.” The scene in the movie in which Weldon, who was not very wealthy, gives her money and possessions to feed the hungry people is fairly accurate. The people she helped rewarded her with a name: “Woman Walking Ahead.” But the four portraits of Sitting Bull she painted during that time were not the main reason she went out there, contrary to the impression some might get from watching the film."[citation needed]
Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, N.Y., celebrated Women's History Month by hosting a special trolley tour called "Women Who Walked Ahead" on 31 March 2018 and it included the graves (both marked and unmarked) of notable women from Brooklyn, including Caroline Weldon.[11]
References
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- ^ Faesch Familien Archiv, Staatsarchiv des Kantons Basel, Basel, Switzerland, (Ref. StABS, PA397a, Gerichtsarchiv U152, Uc7)
- ^ Superior Court, New York County, volume 62, pp. 177 ff. Divorce Record Schlatter vs. Schlatter 1883, New York State Supreme Court, Civil Branch, 31 Chamber Street, 7th Floor, New York NY 10007
- ^ Caroline Weldon genealogy http://worldconnect.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=caroline_weldon&id=I03
- ^ Pollack, Eileen. Woman Walking Ahead: In Search of Catherine Weldon and Sitting Bull. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002
- ^ Richardson, Heather Cox. Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre. New York: Basic Books, 2010
- ^ McLaughlin, James. 1910. My Friend the Indian http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t00008872;view=1up;seq=11
- ^ Matteoni, Norman E. Prairie Man. The Struggle between Sitting Bull and Indian Agent James McLaughlin. Guilford CT: 2015
- ^ Stanley Vestal Papers, University of Oklahoma Library Archives, Prof. Walter Stanley Campbell (1877–1957) https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/nam/collection.asp?cID=1224&sID=7
- ^ Vestal, Stanley (aka Campbell, Walter Stanley). New Sources of Indian History 1850–1891, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1934; transcripts of letters written by Caroline Weldon
- ^ Brooklyn Eagle
- ^ Green-Wood Cemetery, 27 March 2018 https://www.green-wood.com/event/women-who-walked-ahead/