"Carpenter fish" is a term that was used by US Navy sonar operators in the late 20th century to describe sperm whales, referring to the evocative, hammer-like patterns of "clicks" used to communicate and echolocate. As early as 1965, marine biologist and bioacoustics researcher William N. Tavolga referred to the fact that sperm whales clicks had been often called "'carpenter' sounds."[1] A later naval technical report in 1980 notes that "sperm whale click trains are called "'carpenter fish' sounds by Navy sonar-men."[2] A 2008 marine bio-acoustics textbook likewise notes this term as slang among Navy sonar operators for many years.[3] According to some authors, 19th-century whalers used this term as well, although there is little evidence that this was the case. Some authors state that whalers used the term to refer to sperm whales, while others write that it was used to refer to an anonymous, unknown species that produced such clicking sounds as heard through the hulls of wooden ships.[4][5][6][7] It was common knowledge among American whalers and naturalists in the 19th century that sperm whales had ways of communicating danger across long distances.[8][9][10] In his narrative of a whaling voyage from 1841, Francis Allyn Olmsted hypothesized that this alarm is sounded via a "flourish of [the whale's] flukes."[11] The naturalist Thomas Beale infamously and erroneously wrote in 1839 that sperm whales were remarkably silent animals.[12] In his comprehensive account of the state of cetology in the 19th century, Richard J. King finds no evidence of the term's use. He writes, "although the term 'carpenter fish' is often written, I've yet to find any nineteenth-century evidence by or about whalemen that actually uses this phrase of even mentions sounds through the hull."[13]
References
edit- ^ Tavolga, William N. (1965). Review of Marine Bio-Acoustics. US Naval Training Device Center. p. 59. ISBN 978-1125409794. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Cummings, W.C. (1980). Project Combo: Review and Recommendations (PDF). Naval Sea Systems and Naval Electronics Systems Command. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Whitlow, W.L.; Hastings, Mardi C. (2008). Principles of Marine Bioacoustics. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 435. ISBN 9780387783642. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ [Engineer, Plasma (2011-08-09). "Something Surprising: Carpenter Fish". Somethingsurprising.blogspot.be. Retrieved 15 August 2021.]
- ^ Weilgart, Linda S.; Whitehead, Hal (1995). "Moby's Click." In Frank Stewart (ed.) The Presence of Whales. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books. p. 115. ISBN 9781551103013.
- ^ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2000). In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. New York: Penguin. p. 90. ISBN 9781101221570.
- ^ Dolin, Eric Jay (2008). Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America. New York: Norton. p. 82. ISBN 9780393066661.
- ^ Calkin, Milo (1870). The Last Voyage of the Independence. San Francisco: Weiss Printing Company. p. 8-9.
- ^ Beale, Thomas (1839). The Natural History of the Sperm Whale. London: Manning and Mason. ISBN 9780342343843.
- ^ Bennett, Frederick D. (1840). Narrative of a Whaling Voyage Round the Globe from the Year 1833-1836. Vol. 2. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 178. ISBN 9789060720370.
- ^ Olmsted, Francis Allyn (1841). Incidents of a Whaling Voyage. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 158.
- ^ Beale, Thomas. The Natural History of the Sperm Whale.
- ^ King, Richard J. (2019). Ahab's Rolling Sea: A Natural History of the Sperm Whale. Chicago: Chicago UP. p. 389, ft. 28. ISBN 9780226514963.