Carphophis vermis

Western worm snake
	Carphophis vermis in Arkansas, USA
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Carphophis
Species:	C. vermis
Binomial name
	Carphophis vermis; (Kennicott, 1859)
Synonyms
	Celuta vermis ; Kennicott, 1859; Carphophiops vermis ; — Cope, 1898; Carphophis vermis ; — Stejneger & T. Barbour, 1917; Carphophis amoena vermis ; — Conant & Bridges, 1939; Carphophis amoenus vermis ; — A.H. Wright & A.A. Wright, 1957; Carphophis vermis ; — Conant & Collins, 1991;

Carphophis vermis (common name western worm snake)^[5] is a species of small, nonvenomous colubrid snake native to the United States.

Etymology

The specific name, vermis, is Latin for "worm".^[6]

Physical description

The western worm snake has a dark, black or purplish dorsal coloration, with a lighter, pink or reddish underside.^[7]

Adults are usually from 19–28 cm (7.5–11 in) in total length (including tail); however, the maximum recorded total length is 37.5 cm (14.8 in).^[8]

Geographic range

The western worm snake is found in the United States in southern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, western Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and northeastern Texas with isolated records from southwestern Wisconsin, southeastern Arkansas and middle Tennessee.^[4]

Behavior

C. vermis is fossorial, and spends the vast majority of time buried in loose, rocky soil, or under damp forest leaf litter. It is abundant within its range, but rarely seen due to its secretive nature.^[9]

Reproduction

Little is known about the mating habits of the western worm snake, but breeding likely occurs in the early spring. Eggs are laid in the early summer. Clutch size is normally 1-8 eggs, and hatching takes place in August or September. Hatchlings range in size from 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) in total length.

Diet

The western worm snake's diet consists almost entirely of earthworms,^[9] but it will also consume soft-bodied insects.

Defense

If harassed, C. vermis will often release foul smelling musk from its cloaca. If handled, it may press its tail tip into the captor's hand as a defense mechanism.

References

^ Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Carphophis vermis, p. 74).
^ Conant, R., and W. Bridges (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (with 108 drawings by E. Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Carphophis amoena vermis, p. 32 + Plate 2, Figure 5).
^ Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, A Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes) (Carphophis amoenus vermis, pp. 110-112, Figure 35 + Map 12 on p. 105).
^ ^a ^b Species Carphophis vermis at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
^ "Bio.utexas.edu".
^ Mish, F.C. (Editor in Chief) (2004). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam Webster. 40a + 1,623 pp. ISBN 0-87779-809-5. ("worm", p. 1444).
^ Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Carphophis amoenus vermis, pp. 162-163).
^ Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Carphophis amoenus vermis, p. 175 + Plate 25 + Map 131).
^ ^a ^b Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Carphophis amoena vermis, pp. 102-104, Figure 20).

External links

"Carphophis vermis" at the Encyclopedia of Life
Western Worm Snake, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa

[1] Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Carphophis vermis, p. 74).

[2] Conant, R., and W. Bridges (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (with 108 drawings by E. Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Carphophis amoena vermis, p. 32 + Plate 2, Figure 5).

[3] Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, A Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes) (Carphophis amoenus vermis, pp. 110-112, Figure 35 + Map 12 on p. 105).

[RDB-4] Species Carphophis vermis at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.

[5] "Bio.utexas.edu".

[6] Mish, F.C. (Editor in Chief) (2004). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam Webster. 40a + 1,623 pp. ISBN 0-87779-809-5. ("worm", p. 1444).

[7] Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Carphophis amoenus vermis, pp. 162-163).

[8] Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Carphophis amoenus vermis, p. 175 + Plate 25 + Map 131).

[Schmdt&Dvs1941-9] Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Carphophis amoena vermis, pp. 102-104, Figure 20).

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