The Carr–Benkler wager between Yochai Benkler and Nicholas Carr concerned the question whether the most influential sites on the Internet will be peer-produced or price-incentivized systems.
History
editThe wager was proposed by Benkler in July 2006 in a comment to a blog post where Carr criticized Benkler's views about volunteer peer-production. Benkler believed that by 2011 the major sites would have content provided by volunteers in what Benkler calls commons-based peer production, as in Wikipedia, reddit, Flickr and YouTube. Carr argued that the trend would favor content provided by paid workers, as in most traditional news outlets.[1][2][3][4]
In May 2012 Carr resurrected the discussion, arguing that he had clearly won the wager, pointing out that the most popular blogs and online videos at that time were corporate productions.[5] Benkler replied with a rebuttal shortly after,[6] arguing that the only way Carr could be seen to have won is if social software was considered as commercial content. Gigaom writer Matthew Ingram stated that "Benkler has clearly won. While there are large corporate entities with profit-oriented motives involved in the web, a group that includes Facebook and Twitter, the bulk of the value that is produced in those networks and services comes from the free behavior of crowds of users."[7]
Analysis
editThe early exchange of arguments from the two sides shows the crevasse between two opposing realities: Carr looks at the market-oriented outcome of a, at the time, nascent digital economy, while Benkler looks at the peer-based process, on which the market capitalizes.[8] There are many layers where this tension can be observed. First, there is a subtle difference between peer production and commons-based peer production (CBPP). On one hand, for-profit initiatives, such as Facebook or Google, utilize peer production practices to maximize shareholder value. On the other hand, commons-oriented initiatives, such as Wikipedia, L’Atelier Paysan, Farm Hack or FOSS projects, utilize such practices to maximize sharing and commons creation.[9]
Second, even though the majority of the most influential websites seem to be run by commercial companies, a considerable part of their technological infrastructure, as well as nearly all software used by Fortune 500 companies and governments is based on CBPP: from Apache, the most popular web server, to Linux, on which the top-500 supercomputers run, to WordPress, the most popular content management system, to OpenSSL, the most popular encryption protocol to secure transactions.[10]
Finally, CBPP draws from a diverse set of motivations. Contributors participate to gain knowledge, to produce something useful for them, to build their social capital, to communicate and have a sense of belonging, but also to get financial rewards.[11][12] So, the price-incentivized production does exist in CBPP but it is relegated to being a peripheral concept only.[13] Moreover, public infrastructure and institutions make the digital economy possible to begin with, by regulating the conditions under which service providers can offer services, information is transmitted and users get access to it. It is only after all the above are in place that competition and price-incentives can actually function. Hence, the dominance of one modality over the other is not an outcome of “natural selection,” rather a result of political definition. The state steers competition and profit-motives, implicitly rationalizing the produced economic outcomes, in the way they are measured in business and national accounts. Likewise, the state could use similar leverages to enable and support the direct creation of public purpose value by the civil society and commons-based enterprises.[9][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Arthur, Charles (2006-08-03). "What is the Carr-Benkler wager?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ Fox, Justin (February 15, 2007). "Getting Rich off Those Who Work for Free". Time. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ Carr, Nicholas (19 July 2006). "Calacanis's wallet and the Web 2.0 dream". Retrieved 2007-10-24.
- ^ Benkler, Yochai (28 July 2006). "Benkler on Calacanis's wallet". Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ Carr, Nicholas (May 2012). "Pay Up, Yochai". Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ Yochai, Benkler. "Carr-Benkler Wager Revisited". Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ Ingram, Matthew (May 9, 2012). "The Carr-Benkler wager and the peer-powered economy". Gigaom. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
- ^ Pazaitis, Alex; Kostakis, Vasilis (2021-06-16). "Are the most influential websites peer-produced or price-incentivized? Organizing value in the digital economy". Organization. 29 (4): 757–769. doi:10.1177/13505084211020192. ISSN 1350-5084.
- ^ a b Bauwens, Michel; Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex (2019-03-20). Peer to Peer. University of Westminster Press. doi:10.16997/book33. ISBN 978-1-911534-79-2. S2CID 151283949.
- ^ Eghbal, N. (2019) ‘Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure’, Ford Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2976/roads-and-bridges-the-unseen-labor-behind-our-digital-infrastructure.pdf.
- ^ Erden, Zeynep; Krogh, Georg Von; Kim, Seonwoo (2012). "Knowledge Sharing in an Online Community of Volunteers: The Role of Community Munificence". European Management Review. 9 (4): 213–227. doi:10.1111/j.1740-4762.2012.01039.x. ISSN 1740-4762. S2CID 154003396.
- ^ Krogh, G. V.; Haefliger, S.; Spaeth, S.; Wallin, M. W. (2012). "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development". MIS Quarterly. 36 (2): 649–676. doi:10.2307/41703471. JSTOR 41703471. S2CID 6849556.
- ^ "Wealth of Networks | Yale University Press". yalebooks.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
- ^ Pazaitis, Alex; Drechsler, Wolfgang (2020-11-21), "Peer Production and State Theory: Envisioning a Cooperative Partner State", The Handbook of Peer Production, Hoboken: Wiley, pp. 359–370, ISBN 978-1-119-53709-0, retrieved 2021-06-24