Castanea mollissima, also known as the Chinese chestnut, is an Asian species of chestnut tree in the family Fagaceae.
| Chinese chestnut | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Castanea |
| Species: | C. mollissima
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| Binomial name | |
| Castanea mollissima | |
Description
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It is a deciduous tree growing to 20 metres (66 ft) tall with a broad crown. The leaves are alternate, simple, 10–22 centimetres (4–8+1⁄2 in) long and 4.5–8 cm (1+3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) broad, with a toothed margin. The flowers are produced in catkins 4–20 cm (1+1⁄2–7+3⁄4 in) long, with the female flowers at the base of the catkin and males on the rest. The fruit is a densely spiny cupule 4–8 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄4 in) diameter, containing two or three glossy brown nuts; these are 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) diameter on wild trees. The scientific name mollissima derives from the softly downy shoots and young leaves.[2][3]
Taxonomy
editSynonyms: Castanea bungeana Blume; C. duclouxii Dode; C. fargesii Dode; C. formosana (Hayata) Hayata; C. hupehensis Dode; C. mollissima var. pendula X. Y. Zhou & Z. D. Zhou; C. sativa Miller var. formosana Hayata; C. sativa var. mollissima (Blume) Pampanini; C. vulgaris Lamarck var. yunnanensis Franchet.[2]
In Vietnam, Chinese chestnuts which are grown in Trùng Khánh district, Cao Bằng province have highest quality with 3.3-5.4% glucose, 43.36–46.47% glucid, 1.16–2% lipid, 3.12–3.62% protein analyzed by Vietnam National Vegetable and Fruit Researching Institution in 1999.
Distribution and habitat
editThe species is native to China, Taiwan, and Korea.[2]
Chinese chestnut has been cultivated in East Asia for millennia and its exact original range cannot be determined. In the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang, and also to Taiwan and Korea. It grows close to sea level in the north of its range, and at altitudes of up to 2,800 m in the south of the range. The species prefers full sun and acidic, loamy soil, and has a medium growth rate.[2][3]
Ecology
editWhen cultivated close to other species of chestnut (including Japanese chestnut, American chestnut and sweet chestnut), Chinese chestnut readily cross-pollinates with them to form hybrids.[4]
Chinese chestnuts have evolved over a long period of time in coexistence with the bark fungal disease chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica, formerly Endothia parasitica), and have evolved a very successful resistance to the blight, probably more so than any other species of chestnut, so that, although it is not immune, it typically sustains no more than minor damage when infected. It's important to realize, though, that Chinese chestnut trees vary considerably in blight resistance. Some individuals are quite susceptible while others are essentially immune to the disease.[5] Japanese chestnut is also comparatively resistant to blight, with European chestnut somewhat less so. In the 1890s, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts were imported to the United States with the intention of utilizing them as orchard trees due to their small, compact size compared to the towering American chestnut. The results unfortunately were disastrous as the imported Asian species introduced blight to which C. dentata lacked any resistance. The disease was first noticed on a tree in the Bronx Zoo in 1904 and quickly spread out of control, ravaging American chestnut trees. Within 30 years, there were virtually none left in their native range. An active program has been pursued in North America to cross-breed the Chinese and American chestnuts to try to maximize various desirable traits of the American chestnut, such as larger stature, greater nut sweetness, while also isolating and carrying the blight resistance from the Chinese chestnut.[6]
The nuts provide a significant food source for wildlife.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 1,000 kJ (240 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52.36 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.19 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saturated | 0.175 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monounsaturated | 0.620 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polyunsaturated | 0.307 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.48 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tryptophan | 0.052 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Threonine | 0.178 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isoleucine | 0.167 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leucine | 0.276 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lysine | 0.243 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Methionine | 0.108 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cystine | 0.117 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phenylalanine | 0.203 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tyrosine | 0.134 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valine | 0.235 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arginine | 0.459 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histidine | 0.129 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alanine | 0.213 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aspartic acid | 0.909 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glutamic acid | 0.573 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glycine | 0.196 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proline | 0.172 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Serine | 0.196 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 40.20 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[7] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uses
editThe nuts are edible, and the tree is widely cultivated in eastern Asia; over 300 cultivars have been selected for nut production, subdivided into five major regional groups: Northern, Yangtze River Valley, Sichuan and Guizhou, Southern, and Southwestern. Besides that, the Dandong chestnut (belonging to the Japanese chestnut – Castanea crenata) is a major cultivar in Liaoning Province.[9] Some cultivars, such as 'Kuling', 'Meiling', and 'Nanking', have large nuts up to 4 cm diameter. The nuts are sweet, and considered by some to have the best taste of any chestnut,[10] though others state they are not as good as the American chestnut.[11]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Castanea mollissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136776707A136776709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136776707A136776709.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Huang, Chengjiu; Zhang, Yongtian; Bartholomew, Bruce. "Castanea mollissima". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b Flora of Taiwan: Castanea mollissima Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sisco, P. H., et al. 2005 An Improved Genetic Map for Castanea mollissima/Castanea dentata and its Relationship to the Genetic Map of Castanea sativa. Acta Hort. 693. Abstract.
- ^ Dr. Greg Miller, Empire Chestnut Company, FAQ http://www.empirechestnut.com/faqpests.htm Archived 2016-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 13, 2016
- ^ FAO: Chestnut blight
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Economic forest trees Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Biodiversity of China: Economic forest trees Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Castanea mollissima: Chinese chestnut. By Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson. This is one of a series of documents from the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date November 1993. Revised December 2006.
Sources
edit- "Castanea mollissima", Flora of China, 4, Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University Herbaria: 316, retrieved 13 June 2018 – via eFloras.org
External links
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Data related to Castanea mollissima at Wikispecies
