Wikipedia

Catarino Garza

Catarino Erasmo Garza (1859–1895) was a journalist, folk hero and revolutionary. He published Spanish language newspapers in the United States, founded mutual aid societies, and is perhaps best known for the unsuccessful Garza Revolution near the Texas Mexican border. Garza was born in Matamoros, Tamaulipas and moved to Brownsville in 1877.[1] After his revolution's failure in Texas, Garza fled to Costa Rica, where he became a police captain. He ended up joining a group of Colombian democracy advocates in their struggle against state proponents. He was killed in Panama in an attack on a military barracks in 1895 at the age of 35.[2]

Catarino Erasmo Garza
Born(1859-11-25)November 25, 1859
Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico
DiedMarch 8, 1895(1895-03-08) (aged 35)
Bocas del Toro, Panamá
Occupation(s)journalist, editor, revolutionary
Known forGarza Revolution

Early life

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Catarino Erasmo Garza Rodríguez was born near Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on November 24, 1859. His parents were J. Encarnación and María de Jesús Rodríguez de la Garza.[3] He attended Colegio San Juan de los Esteros in Matamoros and served in the National Guard. He moved to the U.S. in 1877, where he met and married a white woman named Carolina Connor. Garza lived in various cities, including Brownsville, Laredo, San Antonio, and St. Louis.[3] In Missouri, he was briefly appointed as Mexican consul. He helped found sociedades mutualistas in several American cities.[3]

Writing

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In 1887, Garza and Gabriel Botello published El Libre Pensador in Palito Blanco, Texas. The paper was meant to raise awareness to the increasing brutality of the Porfiriato dictatorship and its extension in Coahuila through the governor José María Garza Galán.[4] Garza's newspaper and equipment were confiscated, he was charged with criminal libel, and served 31 days in jail.[4] Garza resumed publication of his critical writing in December 1887 after moving to Corpus Christi, Texas. This writing was extremely vocal in its condemnation of the abuses of the Texas Rangers against Mexican Americans.[4] In 1888, he was arrested by Texas Ranger captain John R. Hughes and charged with libel for his coverage of the murder of Abraham Reséndez by Texas Ranger Victor Sebree.[5] Garza was taken to Rio Grande City where he was shot and wounded by Sebree. The city erupted in violence at the news of Garza's wounding, and the Rio Grande City Riot of 1888 ensued.[6] That year, Garza began writing his autobiography, La Lógica de los Hechos, where he detailed his life in the U.S. and the extreme violence Mexicans and Mexican Americans experienced in Texas.[7]

Revolution

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Main article: Garza Revolution
 
U. S. Cavalry Hunting Garza Men on the Rio Grande (c. 1890–94).

In 1891, Garza and his associates plotted the overthrow of the Porfirio Díaz regime.[8] He recruited a multi-class army consisting of lower-middle-class professionals, poor farmers, landless ranchers, and wealthy landowners, with both Mexicans and Mexican Americans (as well as a few Anglo Americans who had married into Mexican families).[4] The Garzistas adopted the slogan "libres fronterizos" which were stitched onto their hats. The Harrison Administration's military response to the Garza Revolution was extremely bloody, and set precedent for U.S. domestic warfare.[4]

Leading the suppression was U.S. Army captain John Gregory Bourke, who said, “The cheapest thing to do is to shoot them down wherever [they are] found skulking about with arms in their hands, and to burn down some of the ranchos which gave them shelter.”[9] Bourke, who had fifteen years experience in Arizona during the Apache Wars, led his armies to destroy all Tejano communities believed to support Garza.[9] The U.S. Army burned down ranches, threatened families with lynching, searched without warrants, and stole guns, horses, and money from Tejano families.[9] Complaints were filed with state and federal officials, but the atrocities were ignored. Garza fled into exile in early 1892, and the revolt was suppressed by 1893, at which point Catarino Garza was in exile in Costa Rica.[9]

Death

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After Garza's exile from Texas, he traveled throughout the Western Hemisphere, including New Orleans, Key West, Florida, Nassau, Jamaica, and Havana, Cuba. In March 1893, he moved to Matina, Costa Rica, where he published his last pamphlet denouncing the violence of the Díaz regime, it was entitled La Era de Tuxtepec en México o Sea Rusia en América.[10] Garza then joined a revolutionary uprising in Colombia[3] during the Colombian Civil War of 1895. Official sources describe Garza's death; he was killed while attempting to free prisoners in Bocas del Toro on March 8, 1895.[3]

Garza Commission

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In 2021, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador created the Garza Commission to investigate the history of Garza and to try to find his remains in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama, and repatriate them to Mexico.[11] López Obrador has long had a fascination with Garza, and he even published a short history in 2016 entitled Catarino Erasmo Garza Rodríguez: ¿Revolucionario o Bandido?[12] The commission spent at least 9.5 million Mexican pesos to find Garza's body.[13] The mission was criticized in Mexico for spending too many resources to recover one nineteenth-century person when more than 100,000 Mexican people were reported disappeared as of 2024.[14][15] The historian Elliott Young, who wrote a book about Garza's Revolution in 2004, wrote in an article in Time magazine, "Rather than repatriating Garza’s bones, López Obrador should resurrect Garza’s ideas."[16]

References

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  1. ^ "Biographical Sketch". University of Texas Libraries. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  2. ^ "La lógica de los hechos: o, sean observaciones sobre las circunstancias de los mexicanos en Texas desde el año 1877 hasta 1889". Stanford Libraries. Stanford University. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Cuthbertson, Gilbert M. "Garza, Catarino Erasmo (1859–1895)". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Young, Elliott (July 5, 2004). Catarino Garza's Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border (1 ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822386407. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  5. ^ Guerra, Santiago Ivan (May 2011). From Vaqueros to Mafiosos: A Community History of Drug Trafficking in Rural South Texas (PDF) (Dissertation ed.). Austin: The University of Texas at Austin. p. 56. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  6. ^ Garza, Alicia A. "Rio Grande City Riot of 1888". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Scope and Contents Note". University of Texas Libraries. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  8. ^ Young, Elliott (Summer 1996). "Remembering Catarino Garza's 1891 Revolution: An Aborted Border Insurrection". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 12 (2): 231–272. doi:10.2307/1051845. JSTOR 1051845. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d Muñoz Martinez, Monica (September 3, 2018). The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (1 ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674976436. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  10. ^ Ocasio-Melendez, Marcial; Benjamin, Thomas (1984). "Organizing the Memory of Modern Mexico: Porfirian Historiography in Perspective, 1880s-1980s" (PDF). Hispanic American Historical Review. 64 (2).
  11. ^ "Catarino Garza: quién fue el fracasado revolucionario de México que murió en Colombia y cuyos restos AMLO mandó repatriar". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ López Obrador, Andrés Manuel (2016). Catarino Erasmo Garza Rodríguez: Revolucionario o Bandido? (in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Planeta Mexicana. ISBN 978-607-07-3331-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ^ Pérez, Wendy Selene (2024-07-17). "El desaparecido más importante para AMLO: drones, georradar y más de 9.5 mdp para buscar al general Catarino en Panamá". animalpolitico.com. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  14. ^ "Catarino Garza: quién fue el fracasado revolucionario de México que murió en Colombia y cuyos restos AMLO mandó repatriar". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  15. ^ Graham, Thomas (2024-07-17). "Mexico is bringing home a long-dead hero – but what about today's missing?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  16. ^ Young, Elliott (2024-04-09). "What AMLO Could Learn From a 19th Century Mexican Journalist". TIME. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
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