Aníbal Cavaco Silva served as Prime Minister of Portugal from November 1985 to October 1995. He became prime minister after serving as president of the Conservative Social Democratic Party (PSD) since May 1985. For almost all of his 10 years as prime minister, Cavaco Silva ruled in cohabitation with President Mário Soares (which came from the centre-left Socialist Party). The 10-year period during which Cavaco Silva led the government is often dubbed Cavaquismo in Portuguese,[1] which could be translated as Cavacoism .
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The decade in power of Cavaco Silva was mostly marked by robust economic growth and socio-economic development which allowed for the modernization of the economy and an unprecedented convergence of the Portuguese GDP per capita and standards of living with the average of Western Europe.[2][3] Led by Cavaco Silva, PSD achieved its first absolute majority in the 1987 election and a second one in 1991. Cavaco Silva's third term in office (1991–95) was not as successful: from 1992 to 1995 Portugal endured an economic crisis[3] (owing to the effects of the cambial crisis of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism).[4] The third government of Cavaco Silva was also marked by highly controversial measures such as a significant hike in university tuition fees (which led to major student protests),[5] the 50% increase in the toll fees of 25 de Abril Bridge (which led to one of the biggest demonstrations since 25 de Abril revolution, the blockade of the Bridge on 24 June 1994)[5] and the continuation of construction of the controversial Foz Côa Dam.[6] Economic growth resumed in 1995, but the relationship of Portuguese people with Cavaco Silva was not the same that had given him an absolute majority four years before.[3]
In February 1995, Cavaco Silva stepped down as leader of PSD and chose not to run for a fourth term as prime minister in the October 1995 parliamentary election,[7] remaining silent about a candidacy for President of Portugal in the January 1996 presidential election. Cavaco Silva's Minister of Defense Fernando Nogueira was chosen to succeed him as leader of PSD and to lead the party in the parliamentary election. Nogueira-led PSD lost the parliamentary election to the Socialist Party and António Guterres became prime minister. In October 1995, Cavaco Silva announced he would be candidate in the 1996 presidential election.[8] He eventually lost the election to Socialist Jorge Sampaio. Cavaco Silva retired from politics for a decade: he contested and won the 2006 presidential election becoming President of Portugal. He was re-elected in 2011, serving as President of Portugal from 2006 to 2016.
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The first Cabinet was sworn in on 6 November 1985, with parliamentary minority; the second on 17 August 1987, and the last on 31 October 1991, both with absolute majority. The former would last until 28 October 1995.
| Ministry | Incumbent | Term |
|---|---|---|
| State and Internal Administration
(Internal Administration 17 August 1987 – 28 October 1995) |
Eurico de Melo | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| José Silveira Godinho | 17 August 1987 – 5 January 1990 | |
| Manuel Pereira | 5 January 1990 – 31 October 1991 | |
| Manuel Dias Loureiro | 31 October 1991 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Deputy and Parliamentary Affairs
(Parliamentary Affairs 17 August 1987 – 31 October 1991) (Deputy 19 March 1992 – 28 October 1995) |
Fernando Nogueira | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| António Capucho | 17 August 1987 – 24 July 1989 | |
| Manuel Dias Loureiro | 24 July 1989 – 31 October 1991 | |
| António Couto dos Santos | 31 October 1991 – 19 March 1992 | |
| Luís Marques Mendes | 19 March 1992 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Defense
(Vice Prime-Minister and Defense 17 August 1987 – 5 January 1990) (Presidency and Defense 5 March 1990 – 16 March 1995) |
Leonardo Ribeiro de Almeida | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| Eurico de Melo | 17 August 1987 – 5 January 1990 | |
| Carlos Brito | 5 January 1990 – 5 March 1990 | |
| Fernando Nogueira | 5 March 1990 – 16 March 1995 | |
| António Figueiredo Lopes | 16 March 1995 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Foreign Affairs | Pedro Pires de Miranda | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| João de Deus Pinheiro | 17 August 1987 – 12 November 1992 | |
| José Manuel Durão Barroso | 12 November 1992 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Finances | Miguel José Ribeiro Cadilhe | 6 November 1985 – 5 January 1990 |
| Miguel Beleza | 5 January 1990 – 31 October 1991 | |
| Jorge Braga de Macedo | 31 October 1991 – 7 December 1993 | |
| Eduardo Catroga | 7 December 1993 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Justice
(Presidency and Justice 17 August 1987 – 5 March 1990) |
Mário Raposo | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| Fernando Nogueira | 17 August 1987 – 5 March 1990 | |
| Laborinho Lúcio | 5 March 1990 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Planning and Territorial Administration | Luís Valente de Oliveira | 6 November 1985 – 28 October 1995 |
| Agriculture, Fishings and Food
(Agriculture 31 October 1991 – 16 March 1995) (Agriculture and Sea 16 March 1995 – 28 October 1995) |
Álvaro Barreto | 6 November 1985 – 5 January 1990 |
| Arlindo Cunha | 5 January 1990 – 21 May 1994 | |
| António Duarte Silva | 21 May 1994 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Industry and Trade
(Industry and Energy 17 August 1987 – 28 October 1995) |
Fernando Santos Martins | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| Luís Mira Amaral | 17 August 1987 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Education and Culture
(Education 17 August 1987 – 28 October 1995) |
João de Deus Pinheiro | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| Roberto Carneiro | 17 August 1987 – 31 October 1991 | |
| Diamantino Durão | 31 October 1991 – 19 March 1992 | |
| António Couto dos Santos | 19 March 1992 – 7 December 1993 | |
| Manuela Ferreira Leite | 7 December 1993 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Public Works, Transports and Communications | João Maria Oliveira Martins | 6 November 1985 – 24 April 1990 |
| Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral | 24 April 1990 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Health | Leonor Beleza | 6 November 1985 – 5 January 1990 |
| Arlindo de Carvalho | 5 January 1990 – 7 December 1993 | |
| Paulo Mendo | 7 December 1993 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Labour and Social Security
(Employment and Social Security 17 August 1987 – 28 October 1995) |
Luís Mira Amaral | 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987 |
| José Silva Peneda | 17 August 1987 – 7 December 1993 | |
| José Falcão e Cunha | 7 December 1993 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Trade and Tourism | Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral | 17 August 1987 – 24 April 1990 |
| Fernando Faria de Oliveira | 24 April 1990 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Deputy for Youth | António Couto dos Santos | 17 August 1987 – 31 October 1991 |
| Environment and Natural Resources | Fernando Real | 5 January 1990 – 24 April 1991 |
| Carlos Borrego | 24 April 1991 – 11 June 1993 | |
| Teresa Gouveia | 11 June 1993 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Sea | Eduardo Azevedo Soares | 31 October 1991 – 16 March 1995 |
References
edit- ^ "Cavaquismo". Infopédia. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ Cook, Bernard A., ed. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Routledge. pp. 183–184. ISBN 9781135179328 https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT227. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c Sofia Rodrigues, Ana (7 March 2016). "A "década de betão" do cavaquismo" [Cavacoism's "decade of concrete"]. RTP (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ Abreu, Margarida (1999). "As crises cambiais no escudo entre 1992 e 1995" (PDF). Boletim de Ciências Económicas. XLII: 1–26. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ a b Sapage, Sónia (9 January 2016). "Cavaco: Dez crises e casos quentes" [Cavaco: 10 crisis and 10 hot cases]. Visão (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ Queirós, Luís Miguel (14 August 2016). "Um PREC cultural no fim do cavaquismo" [A cultura PREC at the end of Cavaquismo] (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Arquivo & Biblioteca > Cronologia > 23 de Janeiro de 1995 > Cavaco Silva anuncia não se recandidatar à presidência do PSD e renuncia ao cargo de Primeiro-Ministro" [Archive & Library > Chronology > 23 January 1995 > Cavaco Silva announces he will not re-candidate to the presidency of PSD and rennounces the office of Prime Minister]. Foundation Mário Soares (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Arquivo & Biblioteca > Cronologia > 10 de Outubro de 1995 > Cavaco Silva anuncia a sua candidatura a Presidente da República" [Archive & Library > Chronology > 10 October 1995 > Cavaco Silva announces candidacy for President]. Foundation Mário Soares (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 March 2019.