The Cayuse Five were five members of the Cayuse of Oregon who were hanged for murder in 1850 following their attack on a mission settlement. Their names were Clokomas, Isiaasheluckas, Kiamasumkin, Telakite, and Tomahas—note how these names are spelled varies.[1]
They were charged with murdering the Protestant missionary Marcus Whitman. The trial began on May 21, 1850.[1] The Cayuse people had suffered many deaths in a measles epidemic, and survivors began to think the missionaries were poisoning them.
Background
edit
1824 to 1836
editIn 1824, John McLoughlin and his wife Marguerite moved to the Pacific Northwest, aiming to make money off the fur trade.[2][3] They became known for heading Fort Vancouver in Vancouver, Washington, across the Columbia River from what is now Portland, Oregon. This was a post in a select spot, with tens of thousands in nearby Native American communities, plus it was at the center of important trade routes connecting to the Columbia River. Marguerite was half Ojibwe or Cree, and half Swiss.[4]
Twelve years later in 1836, in Walla Walla, five people, Narcissa Whitman, her husband Marcus Whitman, Reverend Henry and Eliza Spalding, and William H. Gray established the Whitman Mission to convert the Cayuse to Christianity.[5]
Tension grows, violence erupts
editEarly 1840s to 1847, the Whitman massacre
editIn the mid-1840s, American settlers began to arrive at Fort Vancouver, coming in on the Oregon Trail. Due to the flood of white immigrants, John McLoughlin found himself in a tight spot.[4]
Travelling Americans often carried measles and other foreign diseases to which the Cayuse had no natural immunity. Cayuse children died of diseases such as measles far more often than the sick white children who came to the Whitman Mission for treatment.[4]
Tensions erupted 1847 when the Cayuse attacked the Whitman Mission, see Whitman massacre. According to Cayuse tradition, there was no question of their right to dispose of a doctor (medicine man, or tewat) whose patients were dying of disease. In the eyes of the Cayuse, Whitman was a "healer but couldn't heal."[4]
In the Whitman Incident, Cayuse warriors killed Marcus Whitman and thirteen others, including Narcissa Whitman. For one month they held 49 survivors captive at the Whitman Mission. Arriving whites trusted the Cayuse even less.[4]
1847 to 1850, the conclusion
editFollowing the battle at the Whitman Mission, for two years a troop of 500 volunteer soldiers chased the Cayuse tribe; see Cayuse War. Tired of fleeing, the Cayuse gave up five of their men in order to make peace. Likely these five had not been involved in the attack on the Whitman Mission, but the Americans demanded five for punishment.
They were arrested and tried by jury in Oregon City; crowded with a few hundred onlookers, the trial was held in a tavern. The judge Orville C. Pratt rejected defense arguments that the killings agreed with Cayuse law, as well as that the attack occurred before the Oregon territorial government was founded.[6][7] They were hanged in 1850, buried near Oregon City. Before hanging, the one named Tomahas is reported to have said, "Much like your savior Jesus Christ gave himself for you, we are giving ourselves up for our people in order to stop the Cayuse War."[4] The location of their graves is unknown.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Tate, Cassandra (April 16, 2010). "Trial of five Cayuse accused of Whitman murder begins on May 21, 1850". HistoryLink.org.
- ^ Shine, Gregory P. (January 22, 2019). "John McLoughlin (1784-1857)".
- ^ "John McLoughlin". Archived from the original on 26 February 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Cayuse Five in Oregon City".
- ^ "Whitman Mission National Historic Site".
- ^ Koenig, Sarah (August 6, 2021). "The Whitman Monument, the Cayuse Five, and Landscapes of Western Memory".
- ^ Tate, Cassandra (April 16, 2010). "Trial of five Cayuse accused of Whitman murder begins on May 21, 1850".
- ^ "Whitman Mission attack and the lost graves". November 29, 2017.