The princess Celtine (Ancient Greek: Κελτινη, romanized: Keltinē) or Celto (Ancient Greek: Κελτω, romanized: Keltō) is the protagonist of a Celtic ancestral myth that was recorded by several Graeco-Roman authors.
Mythology
editThe Graeco-Roman author Diodorus of Sicily recorded one version of the Celtic genealogical myth.[1] Diodurus's account connects the hero to the foundation of Alesia:[2]
- The country of Keltikē was ruled by a renowned king whose daughter was unusually tall and was more beautiful than all other maidens, due to which she considered every man who asked her hand in marriage as unworthy of her and rejected them. "Hēraklēs," during his struggle against "Gēryōn," visited Keltikē and founded the city of Alesia there. The king's daughter was impressed by his physical excellence and had a son with him named Galatēs, who was more righteous and powerful than all the youths of his tribe. When Galatēs had reached adulthood, he became king and a great warrior, and he conquered much of the areas surrounding his tribe's territory. Due to the bravery of Galatēs, he called his subjects Galatai (that is, Gauls) after himself, and they in turn gave their name to Galatia (that is Gaul).
The Greek author Parthenius of Nicaea recorded another version of this Celtic genealogical myth:[3]
- When "Hēraklēs" was bringing the cattle of "Gēryōn" from Erytheia, he passed through the lands of the Celts and reached the court of the king Bretannos, who had a daughter named Keltinē. Keltinē fell in love with "Hēraklēs" and hid his cattle and refused to return them unless he had sexual intercourse with her. "Hēraklēs" accepted, and from their union was born Keltos, from whom were descended the Celts.
A third version of the Celtic genealogical myth was recorded in the Etymologicum Magnum:[3]
- The daughter of the king Bretanos, Keltō, had fallen in love with "Hēraklēs" and asked him to have sexual intercourse with her. When this was accomplished, he left her a bow, and told her that if a son was born of their union, then he would become king if he could pull the bow. The son of "Hēraklēs" and Keltō was Keltos, from whom descended the Celts.
The combination of the three versions provides a common narrative:[4]
- In Keltikē, that is the Celtic country, the king Bretan(n)os had a daughter named Keltinē or Keltō, who fell in love with "Hēraklēs" who was driving the cattle of Gēryōn from Iberia to Tiryns. Keltinē/Keltō stole the cattle of "Hēraklēs" to force him to have sexual intercourse with her, and from their union was born a son named Galatēs or Keltos to whom the mother gave a bow left by "Hēraklēs." Galatēs/Keltos became king after pulling the bow of "Hēraklēs," and the Celts were descended from him.
Other accounts
editIn a similar account, sourced to author Timagenes, Hercules fights against "tyrants" Geryon and Tauriscus and releases Gaul. In return, he mates with a local high-born woman and begets numerous children.[5][6] Also, it is during his Tenth Labor that Hercules journeys through the Gallic coast.[7]
Another narrative, by poet Silius Italicus (this time inserted into his epic poem), tells of Hercules guiding the cattle of Geryon and meeting king Bebruces. The Greek hero also lies with his daughter Pyrenee and she gives birth to a snake. Ashamed, she takes refuge in the caves, and is eventually killed by wild animals. Hercules finds her mutilated body and cries over his lost love.[8][9][10]
Comparative mythology
editThe foundational myth
editThis legend was very similar to the Scythians genealogical myth, with common elements including "Hēraklēs" driving the cattle of Gēryōn from Iberia to Greece, and then meeting with a local woman who abducted his horses, having sexual intercourse with the woman, and the birth from this union of a son who founded a nation and became king by pulling his father's bow.[11]
The acquisition of the golden objects by the youngest son of "Hēraklēs" in the first version of the Scythian genealogical myth, especially, has an exact parallel in the inheritance of the bow of "Hēraklēs" by Galatēs/Keltos in the Celtic genealogical myth, with the latter corresponding to the Celtic inheritance law whereby, when heritage was partitioned between brothers, the youngest would receive the estate, all buildings, 8 acres of land, an axe, a cauldron, and a coulter.[12]
There were nevertheless also some differences between the Scythian and Celtic genealogical myths:[13]
- the consort of "Hēraklēs" was the Snake-Legged Goddess in the Scythian myth, while she was a beautiful princess in the Celtic myth;
- the horses of the chariot of "Hēraklēs" were stolen in the Scythian myth, while the cattle of Gēryōn that "Hēraklēs" was driving were stolen in the Celtic myth;
- three sons were born from the union of "Hēraklēs" and the local woman in the Scythian myth, while only one son was born in the Celtic myth.
Despite their similarities, the exact relationship between the Scythian and Celtic genealogical myths is still unclear.[14]
The foreign princess and the serpent
editThe serpentine offspring from Hercules and princess Pyrene seems strange at first, but it is possible to be a reminiscence of a narrative cycle involving a founding, Hercules and a serpent (usually Echidna). The possible first version of the story involves Heracles, the civilizing hero, defeating the wild snake creature born of a local woman (who could also have been snake-like). The later second version would do away with the snake beings, and set Heracles as the mate of a local princess.[15] The same cycle is comparable to the stories of Celtine/Kelto and the unnamed princess being ancestresses of heroes Celtus and Galates.[16][17]
References
edit- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1293.
- ^ Benoit, Fernand (December 1949). "La légende d'Héraclès et la colonisation grecque dans le delta du Rhône". Lettres d'humanité (8): 123. doi:10.3406/bude.1949.6813.
- ^ a b Podossinov 2022, p. 1294.
- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1294-1295.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: W. Heinemann ltd., 1935. p. 179.
- ^ Benoit, Fernand (December 1949). "La légende d'Héraclès et la colonisation grecque dans le delta du Rhône". Lettres d'humanité (8): 122. doi:10.3406/bude.1949.6813.
- ^ Carrière, Jean-Claude. "Héraclès de la Méditerranée à l'Océan. Mythe, conquête et acculturation". In: Cité et territoire. Colloque Européen Béziers, 14-16 octobre 1994. Besançon: Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 1995. p. 68. (Collection « ISTA », 565)
- ^ Carrière, Jean-Claude. "Héraclès de la Méditerranée à l'Océan. Mythe, conquête et acculturation". In: Cité et territoire. Colloque Européen Béziers, 14-16 octobre 1994. Besançon: Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 1995. p. 74. (Collection « ISTA », 565)
- ^ Ripoll, François (2009). "Les Origines Mythiques Des Pyrénées Dans l'Antiquité Gréco-Latine". Pallas. 79: 342, 344–345, 348. JSTOR 43606026.
- ^ Augoustakis, Antonios (2003). "Lugendam Formae Sine Virginitate Reliquit: Reading Pyrene and the Transformation of Landscape in Silius' Punica 3". The American Journal of Philology. 124 (2): 241–243. JSTOR 1561663.
- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1291.
- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1300.
- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1304.
- ^ Podossinov 2022, p. 1295-1304.
- ^ Ripoll, François (2009). "Les Origines Mythiques Des Pyrénées Dans l'Antiquité Gréco-Latine". Pallas. 79: 349–350. JSTOR 43606026.
- ^ DAMON, PHILLIP (1965). "The Metamorphoses of Helen". Romance Philology. 19 (2): 200–201. JSTOR 44940121. Accessed 30 May 2023.
- ^ Fontenrose, Joseph (1959). Python. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 98–99. doi:10.1525/9780520312760.
Sources
edit- Podossinov, Alexander V. [in Russian] (2022). "Heracles Celticus and Heracles Scythicus: the Same Narrative in the West and East of Europe?". In Boardman, J.; Hargrave, J.; Avram, A.; Podossinov, A. [in Russian] (eds.). Connecting the Ancient West and East: Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. pp. 1291–1306. ISBN 978-9-042-94414-5.