Centaur constructions[1] (kentaurkonstruktioner), centaur nouns,[2] centaur nominals[3] or centaur nominalisations (Danish: kentaurnominaler), also referred to simply as a centaurs (kentaurer) or gerund forms (gerundiumformer) are a type of verbal noun which occur in the Danish language. They are a productive type, formed by adding -en to the verbal stem.[1][4][5]
They differ from other verbal nouns by not having inflected forms for definite or plural, though genitive forms can be observed. Centaur nominalizations are invariably common gender and definiteness can be instead be indicated by a possessive or article in front of the word. Some examples include råben ('shouting'), medvirken ('contribution') and rislen ('trickling, rustling').
Similar to English gerunds or German substantivised infinitives, centaur nominals are not generally covered by dictionaries.[6] However this is not universally true, for example jodlen ('yodling') and henstillen ('putting down; parking') appear in the orthographical reference Retskrivningsordbogen[7][8] and Det Centrale Ordregister.[9][10] On the otherhand, a form like råben cannot be found in Retskrivningsordbogen.[11] These constructions are also often overlooked in grammar works. Danish: A Comprehensive Grammar, one of the largest English-language reference works for Danish, makes no mention of the constructions, at the same time stating that "Danish does not possess a gerund".[12] This statement leaves room for interpretation as to whether centaur constructions should in fact be treated as distinct from gerunds. Even in the large monolingual Dansk Grammatik, the authors only dedicate half a page to the phenomenon.[4]
Centaur nominals are used in the title of Søren Kirkegaards' work Frygt og Bæven ('Fear and Trembling'), in the lyrics of the 1963 Eurovision winner Dansevise "En rislen i bækken, en hvislen i hækken" ('A babbling in the brook, a whisper in the hedge') and in the poem Hvor smiler fager den danske Kyst ('How fairly the Danish coast smiles') where one line reads "som Vindens Rislen i Danmarks Korn" (like the wind's rustling in Denmark's grain).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Eugeniusz Rajnik (2009). "Orddannelsesstrukturen af danske kentaurnominaler". Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia (in Danish). 10: 197–204. ISSN 2299-6885. Wikidata Q63719212.
- ^ Nielsen, Finn Årup (May 2023). "Alignment of Wikidata lexemes and Det Centrale Ordregister". Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Tórshavn, Faroe Islands: University of Tartu Library: 366–370.
- ^ Andersen, Øivin (2007). "Deverbal nouns, lexicalization and syntactic change". Nordic Journal of Linguistics. 30 (1). Cambridge University Press: 55–86. doi:10.1017/S0332586507001655. S2CID 144094044.
- ^ a b Lisa Holm; Robert Zola Christensen (2019). "Dansk Grammatik". University of Southern Denmark Studies in Scandinavian Languages and Literatures (in Danish). 117 (4th ed.). Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark: 272–273. Wikidata Q112898927.
- ^ Paul Diderichsen (1962). Elementær Dansk Grammatik (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. p. 81. ISBN 978-87-00-89131-9. OCLC 1075197502. OL 21137910M. Wikidata Q79241347.
- ^ Sune Gregersen (2014). ""En hvislen i bækken"" (PDF). Mål og Mæle (in Danish): 5–8. ISSN 0106-567X. Wikidata Q87401587.
- ^ jodlen, Retsskrivningsordbogen
- ^ henstillen, Retsskrivningsordbogen
- ^ COR.88605, Det Centrale Ordregister [The Central Word-Index] (in Danish)
- ^ COR.76179, Det Centrale Ordregister [The Central Word-Index] (in Danish)
- ^ Search for råben in Retsskrivningsordbogen
- ^ Tom Lundskær-Nielsen; Philip Holmes (2010). Danish: A comprehensive grammar (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-415-49194-5. OL 23910105M. Wikidata Q58003087.