Wikipedia

Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 16th Congress, and sat from 13 July 1930 until 10 February 1934. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. The 16th Congress was the first party convention since the 13th Congress which saw no organized opposition, and the first congress in party history in which there was no opposition to the party leadership.[1] Ukrainian historian Oleg Khlevniuk considers the period 1930–1934 to be a "transitional period" between collective leadership (referred to interchangeably by him as oligarchy) and Joseph Stalin's personal dictatorship (autocracy).[2] The removal of Alexei Rykov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK, the Soviet government), from the Politburo at the 1st Joint Plenary Session of the CC and the Central Control Commission (CCC) has been marked in historic literature as "the definitive Stalinization of that body [Politburo]" according to Khlevniuk.[3]

Central Committee
of the 16th Congress
← 15th
17th →
13 July 1930 – 10 February 1934
Leadership
General SecretaryJoseph Stalin
Second SecretaryVyacheslav Molotov (Jul.– Dec. 1930)
Lazar Kaganovich (1930–1934)
Inner-groupsPolitburo: 10 full & 5 candidates
Secretariat: 5 full & 2 candidates
Orgburo: 11 full & 4 candidates
Candidates
Apparatus
No. of departments7

The Central Committee elected Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee at its 1st Plenary Session.[4] Vyacheslav Molotov served as Stalin's deputy, an informal post referred to by Sovietologists as Second Secretary, and was empowered to manage party business and sign Politburo resolutions when Stalin was away from Moscow.[4] Upon Molotov's appointment as SNK Chairman in December 1930, Lazar Kaganovich took his place as Second Secretary.[5]

This Central Committee composition led the party and the country through the first five-year plan, Syrtsov–Lominadze affair, dekulakization, collectivization of agriculture, Ryutin Affair, Soviet famine of 1932–33 (which has led to accusation of "extermination by hunger" by the Ukrainian state), the beginning of the second five-year plan, purges of the last oppositional elements within the party and heightened repression.

Plenums

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The Central Committee was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions. Seven CC plenary sessions and two plenary sessions held in conjunction with the convening of the Central Control Commission were held between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making power was vested in the internal bodies of the CC itself; that is, the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. None of these bodies were permanent either; typically they convened several times a month.[6]

Plenary sessions of the Central Committee
[7]
Plenum Date Length
1st Plenary Session 13 July 1930 1 day
2nd Plenary Session 1 December 1930 1 day
1st Joint Plenary Session 17–21 December 1930 5 days
3rd Plenary Session 11–15 June 1931 5 days
4th Plenary Session 28–31 October 1931 4 days
5th Plenary Session 4 February 1932 1 day
6th Plenary Session 28 September – 2 October 1932 5 days
2nd Joint Plenary Session 7–12 January 1933 6 days
7th Plenary Session 25 January 1934 1 day

Apparatus

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Individuals employed by the Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress.[8] The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department.[9] The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary.[10]

Central Committee Apparatus of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Institution Leader Cyrillic Took office Left office Length of tenure Nationality Gender
Accounting Department Timofey Samsonov Тимофей Самсонов 1932 10 February 1934 1 year and 254 days Russian Male
Administrator of Affairs Timofey Samsonov Тимофей Самсонов 13 July 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 212 days Russian Male
Administrative, Enterprise and Trade Union Cadres Department Ivan Moskvin Иван Москвин 13 July 1930 14 November 1930 124 days Russian Male
Nikolai Yezhov Николай Ежов 14 November 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 92 days Russian Male
Agitation and Mass Campaign Department Grigory Kaminsky Григорий Каминский 13 July 1930 August 1930 19 days Russian Male
Klavdiya Nikolayeva Клавдия Николаева August 1930 1933 2 years and 304 days Russian Female
Agriculture Department Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь Каганович 15 December 1932 10 February 1934 1 year and 57 days Russian Male
Bolshevik Vilhelm Knorin Вильгельм Кнорин 13 July 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 212 days Latvian Male
Central Asian Bureau Isaak Zelensky Исаак Зеленский 13 July 1930 January 1931 172 days Russian Male
Karl Bauman Карл Бауман January 1931 10 February 1931 3 years and 40 days Latvian Male
Culture and Propaganda Department Aleksei Stetskii Алексей Стецкий 13 July 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 212 days Russian Male
Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin Vladimir Adoratsky Владимир Адоратский November 1931 10 February 1934 3 years and 105 days Russian Male
Organizational-Instruction Department Dmitry Bulatov Дмитрий Булатов 13 July 1930 July 1931 353 days Russian Male
Joseph Meerzon Жозеф Меерзон July 1931 1932 336 days Russian Male
Pavel Postyshev Па́вел По́стышев 1932 January 1933 214 days Russian Male
Vladimir Polonsky Владимир Полонский January 1933 August 1933 212 days Russian Male
Pravda Lev Mekhlis Лев Мехлис 13 July 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 212 days Ukrainian Male
Secret Department Ivan Tovstukha Иван Товстуха 13 July 1930 22 July 1930 9 days Ukrainian Male
Alexander Poskrebyshev Александр Поскрёбышев 22 July 1930 10 February 1934 3 years and 203 days Russian Male

Composition

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Members

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Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
[24][25][26][27]
Name Cyrillic 15th CC 17th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait
Pyotr Alexeyev Пётр Алексеев Candidate Reelected 1893 1937 1914 Russian Male  
Andrey Andreyev Андрей Андреев Old Reelected 1895 1971 1914 Russian Male  
Nikolay Antipov Николай Антипов Old Reelected 1894 1938 1912 Russian Male  
Aleksei Badayev Алексей Бадаев Old Reelected 1883 1951 1904 Russian Male  
Karl Bauman Карл Бауман Old Reelected 1892 1937 1907 Latvian Male  
Andrei Bubnov Андрей Бубнов Old Reelected 1884 1938 1903 Russian Male  
Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин Old Candidate 1888 1938 1906 Russian Male  
Vlas Chubar Влас Чубар Old Reelected 1891 1939 1907 Ukrainian Male  
Mikhail Chudov Михаил Чудов Old Reelected 1893 1937 1913 Russian Male  
Mikhail Chuvyrin Михаил Чувырин Candidate Reelected 1883 1947 1903 Russian Male  
Robert Eikhe Роберт Эйхе Candidate Reelected 1890 1940 1905 Latvian Male  
Yan Gamarnik Ян Гамарник Old Reelected 1894 1937 1916 Ukrainian Male  
Filipp Goloshchyokin Филипп Голощёкин Old Not 1876 1941 1903 Russian Male  
Ivan Kabakov Иван Кабаков Old Reelected 1891 1937 1914 Russian Male  
Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь Каганович Old Reelected 1893 1991 1911 Russian Male  
Mikhail Kalinin Михаил Калинин Old Reelected 1875 1946 1898 Russian Male  
Mendel Khatayevich Мендель Хатаевич Candidate Reelected 1893 1937 1913 Russian Male  
Sergey Kirov Серге́й Ки́ров Old Reelected 1886 1934 1904 Russian Male  
Vilhelm Knorin Вильгельм Кнорин Old Reelected 1890 1938 1910 Latvian Male  
Ivan Kodatsky Иван Кодацкий Candidate Reelected 1893 1937 1914 Ukrainian Male  
Nikolay Kolotilov Николай Колотилов Old Not 1885 1937 1903 Russian Male  
Nikolay Komarov Николай Комаров Old Candidate 1886 1937 1909 Russian Male  
Joseph Kosior Иосиф Косиор Old Reelected 1889 1937 1908 Polish Male  
Stanislav Kosior Станислав Косиор Old Reelected 1889 1939 1907 Polish Male  
Nadezhda Krupskaya Наде́жда Кру́пская Old Reelected 1869 1939 1898 Russian Female  
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky Глеб Кржижано́вский Old Reelected 1872 1959 1898 Russian Male  
Nikolay Kubyak Николай Кубяк Old Candidate 1881 1937 1898 Russian Male  
Valerian Kuybyshev Валериан Куйбышев Old Reelected 1888 1935 1904 Russian Male  
Emanuel Kviring Эммануил Квиринг Old Not 1888 1937 1912 Volga German Male
Dmitry Lebed Дмитрий Лебедь New Reelected 1893 1937 1909 Russian Male  
Fyodor Leonov Фёдор Леонов Candidate Not 1892 1938 1914 Russian Male  
Semyon Lobov Семён Лобов Old Reelected 1888 1937 1913 Russian Male  
Vissarion Lominadze Виссарион Ломинадзе Candidate Removed 1897 1935 1917 Georgian Male
Isidore Lyubimov Исидор Любимов Old Reelected 1882 1937 1902 Russian Male  
Dmitry Manuilsky Дмитро Мануїльський Old Reelected 1883 1959 1903 Ukrainian Male  
Anastas Mikoyan Анаста́с Микоя́н Old Reelected 1895 1978 1915 Armenian Male  
Vyacheslav Molotov Вячеслав Молотов Old Reelected 1890 1986 1906 Russian Male  
Ivan Moskvin Иван Москвин Old Not 1890 1937 1911 Russian Male  
Ivan Nosov Иван Носов Candidate Reelected 1888 1937 1905 Russian Male  
Georgy Oppokov Георгий Оппоков Old Not 1888 1938 1903 Russian Male  
Mamia Orakhelashvili Мамия Орахелашвили Old Not 1888 1937 1903 Georgian Male  
Grigol Ordzhonikidze Григо́рий Орджоники́дзе By-election Reelected 1886 1937 1903 Georgian Male  
Grigory Petrovsky Григо́рій Петро́вський Old Reelected 1878 1958 1898 Ukrainian Male  
Osip Piatnitsky Осип Пятницкий Old Reelected 1882 1938 1898 Russian Male  
Pavel Postyshev Григо́рій Петро́вський Old Reelected 1887 1939 1904 Russian Male  
Georgy Pyatakov Георгий Пятаков New Reelected 1890 1939 1910 Russian Male  
Jānis Rudzutaks Ян Рудзутак Old Reelected 1887 1938 1905 Latvian Male  
Moisei Rukhimovich Моисей Рухимович Old Reelected 1889 1938 1913 Russian Male  
Ivan Rumyantsev Иван Румянцев Old Reelected 1886 1937 1905 Russian Male  
Alexei Rykov Алексей Рыков Old Candidate 1881 1938 1898 Russian Male  
Kuzma Ryndin Кузьма Рындин Candidate Reelected 1893 1938 1915 Russian Male  
Isaak Schwartz Исаак Шварц Old Candidate 1879 1951 1899 Ukrainian Male  
Boris Sheboldayev Борис Шеболдаев New Reelected 1895 1937 1914 Russian Male  
Nikolay Shvernik Николай Шверник Old Reelected 1888 1970 1905 Russian Male  
Mykola Skrypnyk Микола Скрипник Old Died 1872 1933 1898 Ukrainian Male  
Alexander Smirnov Александр Смирно Old Removed 1878 1938 1898 Russian Male  
Joseph Stalin Ио́сиф Ста́лин Old Reelected 1878 1953 1898 Georgian Male  
Aleksei Stetskii Алексей Стецкий Old Reelected 1896 1938 1915 Russian Male  
Konstantin Strievsky Константин Стриевский Old Candidate 1885 1938 1902 Belarusian Male  
Daniil Sulimov Даниил Сулимов Old Reelected 1890 1937 1905 Russian Male  
Sergei Syrtsov Сергей Сырцов Old Removed 1893 1937 1913 Russian Male  
Aleksandr Tolokontsev Александр Толоконцев Old Not 1889 1937 1914 Russian Male  
Mikhail Tomsky Михаил Томский Old Candidate 1880 1936 1904 Russian Male  
Anton Tsikhon Антон Цихон Candidate Not 1887 1939 1906 Russian Male  
Konstantin Ukhanov Константин Уханов Old Reelected 1891 1937 1907 Russian Male  
Iosif Vareikis Иосиф Варейкис Old Reelected 1894 1938 1913 Lithuanian Male  
Kliment Voroshilov Климент Ворошилов Old Reelected 1881 1969 1903 Russian Male  
Yakov Yakovlev Я́ков Я́ковлев New Reelected 1896 1938 1913 Ukrainian Male  
Isaak Zelensky Исаак Зеленский Old Reelected 1890 1937 1906 Russian Male  
Andrei Zhdanov Андрей Жданов Candidate Reelected 1896 1948 1915 Russian Male  
Ivan Zhukov Иван Жуков Old Reelected 1889 1937 1909 Russian Male  

Candidates

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Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
[24][25][26][27]
Name Cyrillic 15th CC 17th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait
Stepan Afanasyev Степан Афанасьев New Not 1894 1965 1912 Russian Male  
Aleksey Amosov Алексей Амосов New Not 1896 1937 1914 Russian Male  
Naum Antselovich Наум Анцелович New Not 1895 1971 1905 Russian Male  
Pyotr Baranov Пётр Баранов Candidate Died 1892 1933 1912 Russian Male  
Sergei Bergavinov Сергей Бергавинов New Not 1889 1937 1917 Russian Male  
Nikolai Bryukhanov Николай Брюханов Candidate Not 1878 1938 1902 Russian Male  
Ivan Bulat Иван Булат New Not 1896 1938 1912 Ukrainian Male  
Dmitry Bulatov Дмитрий Булатов New Not 1889 1941 1912 Russian Male  
Anton Bulin Антон Булин New Candidate 1894 1938 1914 Russian Male
Nikolai Chaplin Николай Чаплин Candidate Not 1902 1938 1919 Russian Male  
Sergey Chutskayev Сергей Чуцкаев Candidate Not 1876 1944 1903 Russian Male  
Alexander Dogadov Александр Догадов Member Not 1888 1937 1905 Russian Male  
Shalva Eliava Шалва Элиава Candidate Candidate 1883 1937 1904 Georgian Male  
Konstantin Gey Константин Гей Candidate Not 1896 1939 1916 Russian Male  
Nikolay Goloded Николай Голодед New Not 1894 1937 1918 Belarusian Male  
Fyodor Gryadinsky Фёдор Грядинский Candidate Candidate 1893 1938 1912 Russian Male  
Akmal Ikramov Акмаль Икрамов Candidate Member 1898 1938 1918 Uzbek Male
Uraz Isayev Ураз Исаев New Member 1899 1938 1920 Kazakh Male  
Vladimir Ivanov Владимир Иванов Candidate Member 1893 1938 1915 Russian Male  
Mikhail Kakhiani Михаил Кахиани New Not 1896 1937 1917 Georgian Male
Anna Kalgyna Анна Калыгина Candidate Candidate 1895 1937 1915 Russian Female  
Moisei Kalmanovich Моисей Калманович New Candidate 1888 1937 1917 Russian Male  
Grigory Kaminsky Григорий Каминский Candidate Candidate 1895 1938 1913 Ukrainian Male  
Lavrentiy Kartvelishvili Лаврентий Картвелишвили New Member 1890 1938 1910 Georgian Male  
Mikhail Khloplyankin Михаил Хлоплянкин New Not 1892 1938 1914 Russian Male  
Aleksei Kiselyov Алексей Киселёв Candidate Not 1879 1937 1898 Russian Male  
Ivan Klimenko Иван Клименко Candidate Not 1891 1937 1912 Russian Male  
Alexander Kosarev Александр Косарев New Member 1903 1939 1919 Russian Male  
Ivan Kozlov Иван Козлов New Not 1883 1970 1918 Russian Male  
Alexander Krinitsky Александр Криницкий Candidate Not 1894 1937 1915 Russian Male  
Vasily Kuritsyn Василий Курицын New Candidate 1892 1937 1917 Russian Male  
Solomon Lozovsky Соломон Лозовский Candidate Candidate 1892 1952 1901 Russian Male  
Valery Mezhlauk Валерий Межлаук Candidate Member 1893 1938 1917 Latvian Male  
Vasily Mikhailov Василий Михайлов Member Candidate 1894 1937 1915 Russian Male  
Mikhail Mikhailov-Ivanov Михаил Михайлов-Иванов Candidate Died 1894 1931 1913 Russian Male  
Levon Mirzoyan Левон Мирзоян Candidate Member 1887 1939 1917 Armenian Male  
Gazanfar Musabekov Газанфар Мусабеков Candidate Candidate 1888 1938 1918 Azerbaijani Male  
Klavdiya Nikolayeva Клавдия Николаева Candidate Member 1893 1944 1909 Russian Female  
Valerian Osinsky Валериан Оболенский Candidate Candidate 1887 1938 1907 Russian Male  
Mikhail Oshvintsev Михаил Ошвинцев Candidate Not 1889 1939 1917 Russian Male  
Nikolay Pakhomov Николай Пахомов New Candidate 1890 1938 1917 Russian Male  
Ivan Perepechko Иван Перепечко New Not 1897 1943 1914 Ukrainian Male  
Vladimir Polonsky Владимир Полонский Candidate Not 1893 1937 1912 Russian Male
Nikolai Popov Николай Попов New Candidate 1890 1938 1919 Russian Male  
Boris Pozern Борис Позерн New Candidate 1882 1939 1902 Russian Male  
Vladimir Ptukha Владимир Птуха New Candidate 1894 1938 1917 Ukrainian Male  
Konstantin Rumyantsev Константин Румянцев Candidate Died 1891 1932 1916 Russian Male  
Maximilian Saveliev Максимилиа́н Саве́льев New Not 1898 1939 1903 Russian Male  
Vasily Schmidt Василий Шмидт Candidate Not 1886 1938 1905 Russian Male  
Alexei Sedelnikov Алексей Седельников New Candidate 1894 1938 1914 Russian Male  
Boris Semenov Борис Семёнов Candidate Candidate 1890 1937 1907 Russian Male  
Alexander Serebrovsky Александр Серебровский Candidate Candidate 1884 1938 1903 Russian Male  
Pyotr Smorodin Пётр Смородин New Candidate 1897 1939 1917 Russian Male  
Grigori Sokolnikov Григорий Сокольников Member Candidate 1888 1939 1905 Ukrainian Male  
Vasily Stroganov Василий Строганов Candidate Not 1888 1938 1905 Russian Male  
Kirill Sukhomlin Кирилл Сухомлин Candidate Not 1886 1938 1905 Russian Male  
Roman Terekhov Роман Терехов New Not 1889 1979 1912 Russian Male  
Fyodor Tsarkov Фёдор Царьков New Not 1888 1938 1906 Russian Male  
Ieronim Uborevich Иероним Уборевич New Candidate 1896 1937 1917 Lithuanian Male  
Józef Unszlicht Ио́сиф У́ншлихт Candidate Candidate 1879 1938 1900 Polish Male  
Mikhail Uryvayev Михаил Урываев Candidate Not 1887 1937 1917 Russian Male  
Gavrii Veynberg Гавриил Вейнберг Candidate Candidate 1891 1946 1906 Polish Male  
Pyotr Volkov Пётр Волков New Not 1896 1937 1917 Russian Male  
Genrikh Yagoda Генрих Ягода New Member 1891 1938 1907 Russian Male  
Iona Yakir Иона Якир New Candidate 1896 1937 1917 Moldovan Male  
Voronova Yakovlevna Пелагея Воронова New Not 1892 1990 1917 Russian Female  
Tikhon Yurkin Тихон Юркин New Candidate 1898 1986 1915 Russian Male  

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Szamuely 1966, p. 319.
  2. ^ Khlevniuk 2009, p. xvi.
  3. ^ Khlevniuk 2009, p. 2.
  4. ^ a b Khlevniuk 2009, p. 55.
  5. ^ Khlevniuk 2009, pp. 55–57.
  6. ^ Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.
  7. ^ "Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Congresses, conferences, plenums and meetings of the RSDLP - RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  8. ^ Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 410.
  9. ^ Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 410–411 & 417–419.
  10. ^ Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 417–419.
  11. ^ Staff writer. "Отделы, комиссии, институты ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Departments, commissions, institutes of the Central Committee of the – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  12. ^ Staff writer. "Управление делами ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" [Chief Administrator of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  13. ^ Staff writer. "Учётный отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Accounting Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  14. ^ Staff writer. "Отдел агитации и массовых кампаний ЦК ВКП(б)" [Agitation and Mass Campaign Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  15. ^ Staff writer. "Сельскохозяйственный отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Agriculture Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  16. ^ Staff writer. "Отдел культуры и пропаганды ЦК ВКП(б)" [Culture and Propaganda Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  17. ^ Staff writer. "Распределительный отдел - Отдел административно-хозяйственных и профсоюзных кадров ЦК ВКП(б)" [Distribution Department—Administrative, Enterprise and Trade Union Cadres Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  18. ^ Staff writer. "Институт Маркса-Энгельса-Ленина - Институт Маркса-Энгельса-Ленина-Сталина - Институт марксизма-ленинизма при ЦК ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin—the Institute of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin—the Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the Central Committee of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  19. ^ Staff writer. "Организационно-инструкторский отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Organizational-Instruction Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  20. ^ Staff writer. "Секретно-оперативный отдел - Бюро Секретариата - Секретный отдел - Особый сектор ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Secret Operations Department—Office of the Secretariat—Secret Department—Special Sector of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  21. ^ Staff writer. "Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС" [The narrow composition of the RSDLP (b)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B)—The Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (B)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)—the Presidium – Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  22. ^ Staff writer. "Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  23. ^ Staff writer. "Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б)" [Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Центральный Комитет, избранный XV-м съездом ВКП(б) 19.12.1927, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 19.12.1927, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Центральный Комитет, избранный XVI съездом ВКП(б) 13.7.1930, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XVI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 13.7.1930, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Центральный Комитет, избранный XVII-м съездом ВКП(б) 10.2.1934, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on 10.2.1934, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  27. ^ a b "Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Composition of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

Bibliography

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Articles and journals
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