Central Military Commission (China)
The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the highest military leadership body of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which heads the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia of China.
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 The CMC is housed in the same building as the Ministry of National Defense, the "August 1st Building" | |
| Agency overview | |
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| Formed |
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| Preceding agency |
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| Type | National level agency |
| Jurisdiction | China |
| Headquarters | August 1st Building, Beijing |
| Agency executives |
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| Parent agency | |
| Child agencies | |
| Website | www.81.cn chinamil.com.cn (in English) |
| Central Military Commission | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 中央军事委员会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中央軍事委員會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国共产党和中华人民共和国中央军事委员会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國共產黨和中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国共产党中央军事委员会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國共產黨中央軍事委員會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华人民共和国中央军事委员会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. Under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and operate under both the party and state systems. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending.
The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders (who are civilians under the principle that the Party commands the Gun) to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st or 'Eight-One' Building") in western Beijing.
History
editThe party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was consistently named the CCP Central Military Commission.[a] Among Western commentators, “Affairs” is frequently dropped from the title.[1] As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937 the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission[b] was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic's Chinese Red Army were integrated into the Kuomintang's army for the anti-Japanese war, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong.
In the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government.[c] The final coexistence of two military committees was set in 1954, as the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority rested into a National Defense Council of the People's Republic of China[d] chaired by the President in keeping with the 1954 Constitution.
As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman, a post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying. As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution, the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975.[citation needed]
Deng Xiaoping's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC, which was created in 1982 by the constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies.[1] Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers.[1]
The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992.[citation needed] This post was held by Yang Shangkun (1945–1954), Huang Kecheng (1954–1959), Luo Ruiqing (1959–1966), Ye Jianying (1966–1977), Luo Ruiqing (1977–1979), Geng Biao (1979–1981), Yang Shangkun (1981–1989), Yang Baibing (1989–1992).[citation needed]
In 2016, the four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of the PLA.[2]
Functions
editAccording to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense.[3][non-primary source needed] The CMC has the ultimate command authority over the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia.[4]
In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council. As one of China's three main decision-making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority.[4]
Structure
editThere are two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function.[5][6][e] The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA,[8] including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending.[9] The CMC is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized.[10]
The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members.[4] The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary.[11] The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the 15 general departments and, in turn, to each of the service branches (ground, navy and air forces). In addition, the CMC also has direct control over the Rocket Forces, the three arms of service that were previously part of the former Strategic Support Forces (Aerospace Force, Information Support Force and Cyberspace Force), the National Defense University, and the Academy of Military Sciences.[citation needed]
Departments
editPrior to 2016, the PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to the CMC.[2] The new 15 departments are:[12]
- General Office (Deputy Theater Grade)
- Joint Staff Department (CMC Member Grade)
- Political Work Department (CMC Member Grade)
- Discipline Inspection Commission (CMC Member Grade)
- Politics and Legal Affairs Commission (Theater Grade)[13]
- Logistic Support Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
- Equipment Development Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
- Training Administration Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
- National Defense Mobilization Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
- Science and Technology Commission (Deputy Theater Grade)
- Office for Strategic Planning (Corps Grade)
- Office for Reform and Organizational Structure (Corps Grade)
- Office for International Military Cooperation (Corps Grade)
- Audit Office (Corps Grade)
- Agency for Offices Administration (Corps Grade)
The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs.[14]
Joint control organs
editThe Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the Joint Operation Command Organs of each of the five command theaters.[citation needed]
Members
editAccording to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred the rank of general by the virtue of their office.[15][non-primary source needed]
The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress.[16][17]
- CMC Chairman
Xi Jinping, also General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, President of China
- CMC Vice Chairmen (2)
General Zhang Youxia, member of the 19th Politburo and the 20th Politburo- General He Weidong, member of the 20th Politburo
- CMC Members (3)
- General Liu Zhenli, Chief of Staff of the Joint Staff Department
Admiral Miao Hua, Director of the Political Work Department (Suspended)
General Zhang Shengmin Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection
High command
editAs of 2024[update], China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as:[18]
| Institution | Leaders |
|---|---|
| Membership of the 20th CCP Central Military Commission | |
| Chairman | Xi Jinping (习近平) |
| Vice Chairmen | Zhang Youxia (张又侠) He Weidong (何卫东) |
| Members | Liu Zhenli (刘振立) Miao Hua (苗华) Zhang Shengmin (张升民) |
| Membership of the 14th PRC Central Military Commission | |
| Chairman | Xi Jinping (习近平) |
| Vice Chairmen | Zhang Youxia (张又侠) He Weidong (何卫东) |
| Members | Liu Zhenli (刘振立) Miao Hua (苗华) Zhang Shengmin (张升民) |
| CMC Functional Departments | |
| General Office | Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Zhong Shaojun: (钟绍军) |
| Joint Staff Department | Chief of Staff: PLAGF Gen Liu Zhenli (刘振立) |
| Political Work Department | Director: PLAN Adm Miao Hua (苗华) |
| Logistic Support Department | Dept Head: PLAGF Maj Gen Zhang Lin (张林) Political Commissioner: Vacant |
| Equipment Development Department | Dept Head: PLAGF Gen Xu Xueqiang (许学强) Political Commissioner: Vacant |
| Training Administration Department | Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Wang Peng (王鹏) Political Commissioner: Vacant |
| National Defense Mobilization Department | Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Liu Faqing (刘发庆) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Lt Gen Wang Donghai (王东海) |
| Discipline Inspection Commission | Secretary: PLARF Gen Zhang Shengmin (张升民) |
| Politics and Legal Affairs Commission | Secretary: PLAN Adm Wang Renhua (王仁华) |
| Science and Technology Commission | Director: PLAN Vice Adm Zhao Xiaozhe (赵晓哲) |
| Office for Strategic Planning | Director: PLAGF Maj Gen Shen Fangwu (沈方吾) |
| Office for Reform and Organizational Structure | Director: PLAGF Maj Gen Li Pengyi (李鹏翼) |
| Office for International Military Cooperation | Director: PLAAF Maj Gen Li Bin (李斌) |
| Audit Office | Chief Auditor: PLAGF Maj Gen Sun Bin (孙斌) |
| Agency for Offices Administration | Dept Head: PLAN Rear Adm Gao Daguang (高大光) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Maj Gen Han Guoqi (韩国启) |
| Joint Operations Command Center | |
| JOCC | Commander-in-Chief: Xi Jinping (习近平) |
| Theater Commands | |
| Eastern Theater Command | Commander: PLAGF Gen Lin Xiangyang (林向阳) Political Commissioner: PLAN Adm Liu Qingsong (刘青松) |
| Southern Theater Command | Commander: PLAGF Gen Wu Yanan (吴亚男) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Wang Wenquan (王文全) |
| Western Theater Command | Commander: PLAGF Gen Wang Haijiang (汪海江) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Li Fengbiao (李凤彪) |
| Northern Theater Command | Commander: PLAAF Gen Wang Qiang (王强)
Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Zheng Xuan (郑璇) |
| Central Theater Command | Commander PLAGF Gen Huang Ming (黄铭) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Xu Deqing (徐德清) |
| PLA Branches | |
| PLA Ground Force | Commander: PLAGF Gen Li Qiaoming (李桥铭) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Qin Shutong (秦树桐) |
| PLA Navy | Commander: PLAN Adm Hu Zhongming (胡中明) Political Commissioner: PLAN Adm Yuan Huazhi (袁华智) |
| PLA Air Force | Commander: PLAAF Gen Chang Dingqiu (常丁求) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Gen Guo Puxiao (郭普校) |
| PLA Rocket Force | Commander: PLARF Gen Wang Houbin (王厚斌) Political Commissioner: PLARF Gen Xu Xisheng (徐西盛) |
| PLA Arms | |
| Aerospace Force | Commander: PLAGF Lt Gen Hao Weizhong (郝卫中) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Lt Gen Chen Hui (陈辉) |
| Cyberspace Force | Commander: Vacant Political Commissioner: Vacant |
| Information Support Force | Commander: PLAGF Lt Gen Bi Yi (毕毅) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Li Wei (李伟) |
| Joint Logistics Support Force | Commander: PLARF Lt Gen Wang Liyan (王立岩) Political Commissioner: Vacant |
| CMC Directly Subordinated Academic Institutions | |
| Academy of Military Sciences | Dean: Army Gen Yang Xuejun (杨学军) Political Commissioner: Army Gen Ling Huanxin (凌焕新) |
| National Defense University | Principal: Army Gen Xiao Tianliang (肖天亮) Political Commissioner: Army Gen Zheng He (郑和) |
| National University of Defense Technology | Principal: Army Maj Gen Li Xiang (黎湘) Political Commissioner: Army Maj Gen Fu Aiguo (傅爱国) |
| Headquarters of the People's Armed Police Force | |
| People's Armed Police | Commander: PAP Gen Wang Chunning (王春宁) Political Commissioner: PAP Gen Zhang Hongbing (张红兵) |
Election
editAccording to the CCP constitution, the members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee.[19] In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee. Similarly, the State CMC is constitutionally elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee,[20] but is in practice indistinguishable from the Party CMC.[10] This difference in elections results in the only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the Party Congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the Party CMC in the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, but they entered the State CMC in March 2003, when the 1st Session of the 10th NPC convened.
Notes
edit- ^ Chinese: 中共中央軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
- ^ Chinese: 中共中央革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
- ^ Chinese: 中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Rénmín Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
- ^ Chinese: 中华人民共和国国防委员会; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guófáng Wěiyuánhuì
- ^ Other communist states typically only had state military commissions exclusively composed of party members, such as the GDR's National Defence Council, which was however preceded by a party commission.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c Mulvenon, James C., ed. (2002). "The Pinnacle of the Pyramid: The Central Military Commission". The People's Liberation Army as Organization. RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-3303-1. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ a b Lague, David; Lim, Benjamin Kang (23 April 2019). "How China is replacing America as Asia's military titan". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense". National People's Congress. 26 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Liu, Zhen (18 October 2022). "What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ Wang, Yongsheng; Li, Yüping (2007). "Lijie Zhonggong Zhongyang Junshi Weiyuanhui de zucheng ji lishi beijing" 历届中共中央军事委员会的组成及历史背景 [The make-up and historical background of past iterations of the Central Military Commission]. Military History (in Chinese (China)) (6): 11–14.
- ^ "Rumours swirl after China's defence minister, Li Shangfu, is sacked". The Economist. October 26, 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
...the state's Central Military Commission, a notional body that replicates another one with real power controlled by the party.
- ^ "Sicherheitskommission beim Politbüro des ZK der SED". Stasi-Unterlagen-Archiv (in German). Archived from the original on 2024-05-18. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ Saunders, Phillip C.; Scobell, Andrew, eds. (2020-12-31), "3. The Riddle in the Middle: China's Central Military Commission in the Twenty-first Century", PLA Influence on China's National Security Policymaking, Stanford University Press, pp. 84–119, doi:10.1515/9780804796286-005, ISBN 978-0-8047-9628-6, S2CID 242615158
- ^ "How China is Ruled: Military Affairs Commission". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Decoding Chinese Politics: Military". Asia Society. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
- ^ Saunders et al. 2019, p. 521.
- ^ "国防部新闻事务局官微发布中央军委机关英文译名". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
- ^ Erickson, Andrew (2024-04-11). "CMSI Note #5: Admiral Wang Renhua: Exemplifying Jointness and Oversight for China's Navy amid Xi's Grade-and-Rank Reforms". CMSI Notes.
- ^ "Introduction Appendix: Central Military Commission Reforms". National Defense University Press. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ "Regulations on the Military Ranks of Officers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army". National People's Congress. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "新一届中央军委委员中3位是从战火中走出的将军". Sina. 2017-10-27. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
- ^ "New PRC Central Military Commission vice chairmen, members pledge allegiance to Constitution". Xinhua News Agency. 11 March 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ "CMC Departments". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 2024-05-16. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
- ^ Panyue, Huang (27 October 2022). "Full text of Constitution of Communist Party of China - China Military". China Military. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
Works cited
editSaunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN 978-1070233420.