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Cerebellar abiotrophy

Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), also called cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA), is a genetic neurological disease in animals, best known to affect certain breeds of horses, dogs and cats. It can also develop in humans. It develops when the neurons known as Purkinje cells, located in the cerebellum of the brain, begin to die off. These cells affect balance and coordination. They have a critical role to play in the brain. The Purkinje layer allows communication between the granular and molecular cortical layers in the cerebellum. Put simply, without Purkinje cells, an animal loses its sense of space and distance, making balance and coordination difficult. People with damage to the cerebellum can experience symptoms like unsteady gait, poor muscle control, and trouble speaking or swallowing.[1]

Cerebellar abiotrophy
Other namescerebellar ataxia, CA, CCA
A two-year-old Arabian horse with cerebellar abiotrophy, showing stiff awkward gait, and upper range of unnatural head bob. Though this horse had a relatively mild case, it could never be ridden.
Pronunciation
  • cerebeller abiotrophy
SpecialtyVeterinary medicine, genetic diseases
Symptomsataxia, hyperreactivity, inability to judge distance
Complicationsdeath due to injuries sustained
Usual onsetat or shortly after birth
Durationlifelong
Causesgenetic mutation causing loss of purkinje cells in the cerebellum
Risk factorsfalls, colliding with objects
Diagnostic methodDNA test, post-mortem examination of brain tissue
Differential diagnosisWobbler syndrome, EHV-1, Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, concussion
PreventionAvoid breeding carrier animals
TreatmentNone
MedicationNone
PrognosisVaries by severity, severely disabled animals may be euthanized for humane reasons.
FrequencyVaries by species and breed

Abiotrophy means the loss of a vital nutritive factor. The cause of cerebellar abiotrophy is not known, but it is thought to be due to an intrinsic metabolic defect.[2]

In most cases, the Purkinje neurons begin to die off shortly after the animal is born and the condition is noticeable when the animal is less than six months old, though sometimes the onset of symptoms is gradual and the animal is much older before the owner or caretaker notices a problem.

Cerebellar abiotrophy cannot be prevented, other than by selective breeding to avoid the gene, and it cannot be cured. Genetic testing can detect carriers. In addition to dogs and horses, there also have been cases of cerebellar abiotrophy in Siamese and Domestic shorthair cats; in Angus, Polled Hereford, Charolais and Holstein Friesian cattle; Merino and Wiltshire sheep; and Yorkshire pigs.

Terminology

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See also: Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)

The condition in Kerry Blue Terriers is sometimes called progressive neuronal abiotrophy.[3] Other terms used to describe the condition in dogs include cerebellar cortical atrophy and postnatal cerebellar cortical degeneration.[4]

Cerebellar abiotrophy in horses was originally thought to be a form of cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) and was described as such in older research literature. However, it was discovered that in horses, the die-off of purkinje cells began after the animal was born, rather than occurring in utero. Cerebellar hypoplasia is distinctly different in that it is a condition from a lack of these cells being formed during the development of the cerebellum. CH has been found in several species, including cats, dogs, cows and sheep.

There are other diseases that lead to cerebellar degeneration, but the loss of Purkinje cells is a clear way to diagnose cerebellar abiotrophy, and the combination of clinical signs is sufficiently unique that cerebellar abiotrophy can easily be distinguished from other conditions, even in a living animal.

Clinical signs

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Symptoms of cerebellar abiotrophy include ataxia or lack of balance, an awkward wide-legged stance, a head tremor (intention tremor) (in dogs, body tremors also occur), hyperreactivity, lack of menace reflex, stiff or high-stepping gait, coarse or jerky head bob when in motion (or, in very young animals, when attempting to nurse), apparent lack of awareness of where the feet are (sometimes standing or trying to walk with a foot knuckled over), poor depth perception, and a general inability to determine space and distance. The symptoms, when taken as a group, are distinctive and not easily mimicked by other illnesses, though certain types of neurological injury and infection need to be ruled out. Verifying the diagnosis in a laboratory setting is possible only by examining the brain post-mortem to determine if there has been a loss of Purkinje cells.[5]

Most affected animals have normal intelligence and mildly affected animals can, in theory, live out a normal lifespan. However, affected animals are quite accident-prone, and for this reason many animals that develop cerebellar abiotrophy, particularly horses, are euthanized for humane reasons. Horses may experience difficulty stepping up and over objects, run into fences, fall easily, and even if allowed to mature to full growth, are generally considered unsafe to ride. Dogs may need lifetime assistance with tasks such as climbing stairs.[5]

In horses, the symptoms may worsen from the time of onset for six to 12 months, but if not severe enough to mandate euthanasia, they stabilize over time. In some dog breeds, symptoms appear to progressively worsen, but research is not consistent on this point. There also is some evidence that affected animals partially compensate for the condition by cognitively learning alternative methods for moving or to determine distance, and thus appear to improve because they become less accident-prone.

Horses

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Cerebellar abiotrophy is best known as a condition affecting Arabian horses. It has also been observed in the Welsh pony and cob, the Australian pony,[6] Curly horse,[7] Miniature horse, the Gotland Pony, one Eriskay Pony, and possibly the Oldenburg. Most foals appear normal at birth, with symptoms noticeable at an average age of four months, though there have been cases where the condition is first seen shortly after birth and other cases where symptoms are first recognized in horses over one year of age.

Breeds DNA tested that reveal some carrier lines, but to date no affected animals, include the Welsh pony and the Trakehner. However, other breeds heavily influenced by Arabian breeding, such as the Thoroughbred and the American Saddlebred, do not appear to carry the mutation.[7]

In horses, cerebellar abiotrophy is believed to be linked to an autosomal recessive gene. This means it is not sex-linked, and the allele has to be carried and passed on by both parents in order for an affected animal to be born. Horses that only carry one copy of the gene may pass it on to their offspring, but themselves are perfectly healthy—without symptoms of the disease. Because it is recessive, the allele for cerebellar abiotrophy may pass through multiple generations before it is expressed.

Cerebellar abiotrophy is sometimes misdiagnosed. Though the symptoms are quite distinguishable from other neurological conditions, it has been confused with Wobbler's syndrome, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, and injury-related problems such as a concussion.

A DNA test which identifies markers associated with cerebellar abiotrophy became available in 2008.[8] The test was refined to identify the most likely mutations, and retesting of earlier samples based on an earlier indirect marker test developed by UCD,[9] indicated a 97% accuracy rate for the old test relative to the newer version, with no false negatives.[10] The causative mutation was identified on the gene TOE1 in 2011.[11] Research on cerebellar abiotrophy and the DNA test was led by the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Researchers working on this problem include Drs. Cecilia Penedo and Leah Brault. Dr. Ann T. Bowling made significant early contributions to the genetics research on cerebellar abiotrophy.

Dogs

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Cerebellar abiotrophy has been seen in the Australian Kelpie, Gordon Setter, Border Collie, Labrador Retriever, Airedale Terrier, English Pointer, Scottish Terrier, Kerry Blue Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Lagotto Romagnolo, and other dog breeds. Time of onset varies. In a few breeds, such as the Beagle, Rough Collie, and Miniature Poodle, Purkinje cells begin to die off at or shortly before birth, and pups are born with symptoms or develop symptoms by three to four weeks of age.[12] Most breeds prone to the condition, such as the Kerry Blue Terrier, Border Collie, Australian Kelpie, and Labrador Retriever, begin showing symptoms between six and sixteen weeks of age.[12] In a very few breeds, such as the American Staffordshire Terrier, Old English Sheepdog, Brittany Spaniel, and Gordon Setter, symptoms do not appear until adulthood or even middle age.[13]

In dogs, cerebellar abiotrophy is also usually an autosomal recessive gene, but in a few breeds, such as the English Pointer, the gene is sex-linked.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ NINDS Cerebellar Degeneration Information Page Archived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, accessed May 5, 2016
  2. ^ Sandy J, Slocombe R, Mitten R, Jedwab D (2002). "Cerebellar abiotrophy in a family of Border Collie dogs". Veterinary Pathology. 39 (6): 736–738. doi:10.1354/vp.39-6-736. PMID 12450206.
  3. ^ Breed Information: Kerry Health Archived January 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, United States Kerry Blue Terrier Club, accessed November 6, 2011
  4. ^ Aitken, Sarah. "Listing of Inherited Disorders in Animals; Disorder: Cerebellar abiotrophy". University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved March 26, 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Cerebellar Abiotrophy". Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  6. ^ "Practical Horse Genetics (Australia)". www.practicalhorsegenetics.com.au. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  7. ^ a b Brault L. S. (2011). "The frequency of the equine cerebellar abiotrophy mutation in non-Arabian horse breeds". Equine Veterinary Journal. 43 (6): 727–731. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00349.x. PMID 21496100.
  8. ^ Larson, Erica. "Researcher: Genetic Mutation Likely the Cause of Neurologic Disorder" The Horse online edition, January 23 2011, Article # 17589. Accessed February 28, 2011
  9. ^ Johnson, Robert S. "Test Allows Arabian Breeders to Scan for Inherited Neurologic Disorder" The Horse online edition, September 23 2008, Article # 12746. Accessed September 23, 2008
  10. ^ ""Update on Sample Retesting"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2011.
  11. ^ Brault, Leah S.; Cooper, Caitlin A.; Famula, Thomas R.; Murray, James D.; Penedo, M. Cecilia T. (February 2011). "Mapping of equine cerebellar abiotrophy to ECA2 and identification of a potential causative mutation affecting expression of MUTYH". Genomics. 97 (2): 121–129. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.11.006. PMID 21126570.
  12. ^ a b Berry M, Blas-Machado U (2003). "Cerebellar abiotrophy in a miniature schnauzer". Canadian Veterinary Journal. 44 (8): 657–659. PMC 340240. PMID 13677598.
  13. ^ Buijtels J, Kroeze E, Voorhout G, Schellens C, van Nes J (2006). "Cerebellar cortical degeneration in an American Staffordshire terrier". Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde. 131 (14–15): 518–522. PMID 16916197.

Bibliography

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  • deLahunta, Alexander; deLahunta, Alexander (1983). Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-3029-4.
  • deLahunta, Alexander; Summers, Brian Alan; Cummings, John Thomas (1995). Veterinary neuropathology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-8016-5063-1.

Cerebellar abiotrophy in horses

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Cerebellar abiotrophy in dogs

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Cerebellar abiotrophy in cats

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Video clips of equine cerebellar abiotrophy cases

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Video clip of feline cerebellar abiotrophy cases

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