Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis is a species of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. It is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is currently listed as endangered based on a lack of evidence.[2]
| Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Subclass: | Ceriantharia |
| Order: | Spirularia |
| Family: | Cerianthidae |
| Genus: | Ceriantheomorphe |
| Species: | C. brasiliensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis Carlgren, 1931[1]
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Distribution and habitat
editCeriantheomorphe brasiliensis is known from shallow water in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. C. brasiliensis can be found from Texas through the Gulf of Mexico, but is typically found in northeastern Brazil. It is found in deep soft sand or muddy sand and retreats into its burrow during the day. The only other cerianthid found in the Gulf of Mexico is Ceriantheopsis americanus.[3] They burrow in loose substrate in relatively shallow waters, between the low tide and sublittoral zone. During the day, the animal retreats into its dwelling tube, and at night it extends its tentacles from the tube.[4]
Ecology
editCeriantheomorphe brasiliensis constructs a long, tough tube to line its burrow, strengthening it with mucus secretions. The tube is made with a felt of very long, discharged nematocyst cells and is sufficiently rigid for it to be excavated intact from the surrounding sediment.[5] The tentacles are assorted into two distinct marginal and labial cycles, each arranged into four pseudo-cycles with yellow coloration on the end of each tentacle. The marginal tentacles are located on the peripheral and are much longer than the labial. Ceriantharia have adapted large pores on the surface of their tentacles as a mechanism to retract into their tubes to avoid predation faster.[6] The tube is approximately 1–3 cm thick in adults, but it can be much thinner in younger or smaller species. Other species of Cerianthidae have various tube lengths, while C. brasiliensis' tube is relatively short. When the species is removed from its tube, it can regenerate a very thin replacement within 12 hours. Within 7–10 days, the tube can reach a thickness again that will help protect it from predators. The tube production starts in an area around the tentacles and continues in a ring formation down the body of the anemone, meaning it has an open end in the basal region. Additionally, since there is no limit to how far the anemone can lower itself into its tube, it can use this as a means to escape predation.[7] The Phoronid worm species Phoronis australis has an obligate commensalism relationship with C. braziliensis, where it gets a substrate, food, and protection from predation from the anemone.[8]
Metamorphosis
editThere is not much known about the larval stage of cerianthids, however it is suspected that they have adaptations for a relatively long planktonic larva stage.[9] Tube formation starts soon after the settlement of the larva, when it then starts to secrete mucus. It was once thought that the mucus production caused the formation of the tube, however it is now understood that cnida are responsible. The tube is made by forming woven layers of adhesive tissues, which traps small amounts of sediments and Foraminifera tests. This is a defining characteristic of cerianthids.[10]
Threats
editBrazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) listed C. brasiliensis as an endangered species based on the fact that enough evidence has been collected to study this issue, and requires more scientific, comprehensive review for clarification. It is thought that this animal is highly targeted for illegal animal trafficking.[11] This species is thought to be endangered because of their low population numbers and it lives in an extremely at-risk area. Trawling of benthic communities on the continental shelf results in the destruction of invertebrate communities. It can also be used as an aquarium ornament, which puts it at risk to the threat of overexploitation. Populations of C. brasiliensis only appear in marine protected areas.[12]
References
edit- ^ Molodtsova, Tina (2015). "Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis Carlgren, 1931". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
- ^ Prantoni, Alessandro L.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Spier, Daphne (2012). "New record of the endangered cerianthid Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) in Paranaguá Bay, southern Brazil". Marine Biodiversity Records. 5. doi:10.1017/S1755267212001078. ISSN 1755-2672.
- ^ Felder, Darryl L. (2009). Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 365–366. ISBN 978-1-60344-269-5.
- ^ Frey, Robert W. (1970). "The Lebensspuren of Some Common Marine Invertebrates near Beaufort, North Carolina. II. Anemone Burrows". Journal of Paleontology. 44 (2): 308–311. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1302545.
- ^ Frey, Robert W. (1970). "The Lebensspuren of Some Common Marine Invertebrates near Beaufort, North Carolina. II. Anemone Burrows". Journal of Paleontology. 44 (2): 308–311. JSTOR 1302545.
- ^ Stampar, Sérgio N.; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Kitahara, Marcelo V.; Reimer, James D.; Beneti, Julia S.; Morandini, André C. (2016), Goffredo, Stefano; Dubinsky, Zvy (eds.), "Ceriantharia in Current Systematics: Life Cycles, Morphology and Genetics", The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future: The world of Medusa and her sisters, Springer International Publishing, pp. 61–72, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31305-4_5, ISBN 9783319313054
- ^ "ScienceDirect". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 254: 67–71. January 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2014.11.004. hdl:11336/37275.
- ^ Silveira, Fabio Lang da. "Is there any risk in a symbiotic species associating with an endangered one? A case of a phoronid worm growing on a Ceriantheomorphe tube". Cah. Biol. Mar.
- ^ Stampar, Sérgio N.; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Kitahara, Marcelo V.; Reimer, James D.; Beneti, Julia S.; Morandini, André C. (2016), Goffredo, Stefano; Dubinsky, Zvy (eds.), "Ceriantharia in Current Systematics: Life Cycles, Morphology and Genetics", The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future: The world of Medusa and her sisters, Springer International Publishing, pp. 61–72, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31305-4_5, ISBN 9783319313054
- ^ "ScienceDirect". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 254: 67–71. January 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2014.11.004. hdl:11336/37275.
- ^ Prantoni, Alessandro L.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Spier, Daphne (2012). "New record of the endangered cerianthid Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) in Paranaguá Bay, southern Brazil". Marine Biodiversity Records. 5. doi:10.1017/S1755267212001078. ISSN 1755-2672.
- ^ Silveira, Fabio Lang da. "Is there any risk in a symbiotic species associating with an endangered one? A case of a phoronid worm growing on a Ceriantheomorphe tube". Cah. Biol. Mar.
External links
edit- Photos of Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis on Sealife Collection