18°48′02″N 98°59′10″E / 18.800544°N 98.986080°E
Chang Phueak Monument (อนุสาวรีย์ช้างเผือก; also known as the White Elephant Monument) is a historical monument located in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It is situated near the Chang Phueak Gate, the northern gate of the old city wall of Chiang Mai. The monument is renowned for its cultural and historical significance, symbolizing loyalty and bravery during the Lanna period. It is also considered a sacred landmark of Chiang Mai and is highly respected by the local people.[1][2]
History
editAccording to an inscription at the Chang Phuak Gate in Chiang Mai, the monument was built during the reign of King Saen Mueang Ma, the ninth king of Lanna, between 1388 and 1411 CE. Two royal attendants, Ai Ob and Ai Yi, who helped King Saen Mueang Ma escape an attack by the Sukhothai army by taking turns carrying him on their shoulders, were rewarded with the titles of "Left Elephant Commander" and "Right Elephant Commander". They settled south of Chiang Chom, east of Chiang Mai.[3]
These two commanders built statues of white elephants on either side of the Chang Phuak Gate. Later, in the early Rattanakosin period, King Kawila of Chiang Mai constructed two new life-sized white elephant statues and built an arched structure over them, allowing viewers to see the elephants' heads. He also surrounded the area with a wall and a gate, painting both the elephants and the wall white.[3]
The two white elephant statues, known as Phraya Prap Jakkawat (meaning 'Lord who conquers the universe') and Phraya Prap Muang Mar Muang Yak (meaning 'Lord who conquers the demon and giant cities'), are oriented towards the east and north, respectively. Erected in 1799 CE, these statues were placed outside the Chang Phuak Gate. The construction of these statues subsequently led to the renaming of the northern city gate, previously known as Hua Wiang Gate, to Chang Phuak Gate.[3]
During the reigns of King Kawila and King Inthawichayanon, a significant number of Tai Yai people from Shan State, Myanmar, were relocated to the Chiang Mai region. These devout Buddhists settled in the areas surrounding the Chang Phuak and Pa Pao Gates, contributing to the region's cultural diversity. The Tai Yai community, particularly those residing in the Chang Phuak-Pa Pao area, holds a deep reverence for the White Elephant Monument. Local folklore attributes the protection of the community during a past plague to the regular worship of this monument. To this day, the community continues to honor the monument with offerings and prayers on important Buddhist holidays.[4]
The old wall was last renovated in 1995, and in 2023, it was partially damaged by a car accident and subsequently restored.[3]
On February 11, 2024, police apprehended a local man, approximately 40 years old, who was suspected of using a magic marker to write defamatory words on the monument. Subsequently, a ceremony was held to seek forgiveness from the statues of the White Elephant.[5]
References
edit- ^ "เชียงใหม่ "อนุสาวรีย์ช้างเผือก" ชำรุดหนัก ผู้ว่าฯ สั่งเร่งซ่อมแซมทุกจุด". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). 7 June 2023.
- ^ "ตำนาน-ประวัติการสร้าง "ประตูช้างเผือก" ประตูสำคัญเชิงพิธีกรรม จ.เชียงใหม่". Matichon Weekly (in Thai).
- ^ a b c d "เชียงใหม่หวั่นอาถรรพณ์ อนุสาวรีย์ช้างเผือก กำแพงพังยับ กว่า 1 เดือน รอเงินซ่อม". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). 28 March 2023.
- ^ Sinlapāk ̨ōn, Thailand Krom (1983). อักขรานุกรมประวัติศาสตร์ไทย (in Thai). Krom Sinlapāk ̨ōn. ISBN 978-974-417-258-7.
- ^ "รวบคนมือบอน เขียนข้อความเสื่อมเสียบนรูปปั้นช้างเผือก". Thai Channel 8 (in Thai).