The Changos, also known as Camanchacos or Camanchangos,[1] are an Indigenous people or group of peoples who inhabited a long stretch of the Pacific coast from southern Peru to north-central Chile, including the coast of the Atacama Desert. Although much of the customs and culture of the Chango people have disappeared and in many cases they have been considered extinct, in Chile they are legally recognized as an original indigenous people since 2020, and about 4,725 people self-declare that they belong to this ethnic group.[2]
Chango | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| ~4,725 people declared | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Coast of Atacama Desert | |
| Languages | |
| Spanish, Mapudungun, Aymara | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholicism, Mapuche religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mapuche? |
History
editDefinition and context of the Changos
editThe culture originated in the 8,000-year-old Chinchorro tradition.[3] Due to a combination of conquest and integration into other cultures and ethnicities, the Chango culture is now considered extinct.[4] However, in Chile they are legally recognized as an original indigenous people since 2020, and about 4,725 people self-declare that they belong to this ethnic group.[1]
The Changos were not a distinct tribe or ethnic group; rather, the term is used to refer to many disparate communities of indigenous people living along the northern Chilean and southern Peruvian coast in the Pre-Columbian era. The term "chango" was first documented in the 17th century by Spanish conquistadors who perceived little in the way of cultural difference between the local native communities. Therefore, "chango" describes a loose grouping of maritime peoples who shared a similar way of life rather than a common history or ethnicity.[5] Chango culture developed adjacent to neighbouring cultures such as the Atacameños.[6] Chango culture is part of the Chinchorro tradition. The Chinchorro were hunter-fisher-gatherers with a particular reliance on the sea, who lived along the Atacama Desert coast from at least the 8th century BC. They are of special interest to modern anthropologists due to their practice of mummifying the dead.[7]
Changos around Paposo appear by 1870 to have spoken a dialect of Mapudungun, the language of the Mapuche people of south-central Chile.[8] In the coast of Antofagasta Region there are toponyms near the coast claimed to be Mapuche including Taltal[9] and Quebrada Mamilla.[10]
Some older works starting with Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1869) claim the Changos people extended once as far south as Valparaíso (33° S), but clear evidence for this is lacking.[11]
Chango economy
edit
Chango communities were organised into either nomadic or sedentary groups based on nuclear family units. Each group was independent of the others, providing food and other resources for itself.[12] The Changos were experts at exploiting the resources of the sea. Each group specialised in a particular type of fish, including tuna, conger eels, mullet, dart fish, mackerel and octopus. Rafts used for fishing developed from primitive reed constructions to craft made from three wooden planks, and later to seal skins fastened to wooden frames. Fish were caught using nets, hooks and harpoons.[13] The capture of seals was of crucial importance to the Chango way of life, with every part of the animal having its uses. The meat, fat and bones were used for food and tools, the skins were used to make rafts and the intestines to make fishing equipment.[14] As well as seal skins, the Changos used vicuña wool, feathers, bird skins, shells and the bones and teeth of sea creatures as materials to make practical and decorative items such as clothing, blankets, tools, cutlery and jewellery. They also made and painted ceramic utensils. Despite their geographical isolation, the Changos traded with inland tribes, exchanging shellfish, dried fish, animal hide, guano, fat and shells for wool, fruit, maize and coca. Chango cave paintings include images of men hunting and fishing and sea creatures such as seals, turtles and whales.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wheeler, Sara (1994). Travels in a Thin Country: A Journey Through Chile. ISBN 0375753656.
- ^ "Congreso chileno aprueba ley que reconoce al pueblo chango como etnia indígena". ElPais.cr (in Spanish). September 8, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
- ^ Pueblos Originarios de Chile - Changos Archived 2015-07-21 at the Wayback Machine educarchile.cl 2012, retrieved on June 22, 2015
- ^ Los Changos de las costas de Chile Memoria Chilena, BND Biblioteca Nacional Digital, Ricardo E. Latcham Santiago, Chile 1910, retrieved on June 22, 2015
- ^ Changos - Ser indigena serindigena.org Portal de las Culturas Originarias de Chile retrieved on June 22, 2015
- ^ Pueblos Originarios de Chile - Changos Memoria Chilena, BND Biblioteca Nacional Digital, retrieved on June 22, 2015
- ^ Chinchorro Culture Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine about.com By K. Kris Hirst, archaeology expert, retrieved on June 23, 2015
- ^ D'Ans, André-Marcel (1976). "Chilueno o arauco, idioma de los changos del norte de Chile, dialecto mapuche septentrional" (PDF). Estudios Atacameños (in Spanish) (4): 113–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile (1899) página 790
- ^ Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15). "Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más" [Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. Estudios Atacameños (in Spanish). 67. doi:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028. S2CID 244279716.
- ^ Vera Villarroel, Jaime (6 December 2018). "Los changos, su supuesta presencia en la bahía de Valparaíso". Boletín Histórico (in Spanish). VII (XXII): 79–103.
- ^ for the Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino – ‘Pueblos originarios’ retrieved on June 23, 2015[permanent dead link]
- ^ [Manual de Historia de Chile desde la prehistoria hasta el 2000, Francisco Frías Valenzuela, 1986] Santiago Chile: Zig-Zag, 2000. retrieved on June 23, 2015
- ^ Documental de Chile, Anselmo J. Garcia Curado, 2013, retrieved on June 23, 2015
- ^ Pueblos Originarios de Chile - Changos Archived 2015-07-21 at the Wayback Machine educarchile.cl 2012, retrieved on June 22, 2015
External links
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