Charaxes hansali, the cream-banded charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman.[3]
| Cream-banded charaxes | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Charaxes |
| Species: | C. hansali
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| Binomial name | |
| Charaxes hansali | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
editCh. hansali Fldr. closely approaches Charaxes pelias in the markings, but has a broad light yellow discal band extending to the inner margin of the hindwing and the basal part of the upper surface is darker black-brown; the distal yellow spots in cellules 3—7 of the forewing are small and completely separated from the band; the yellow spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are streak-like and completely separated from the distal margin by the thick black marginal line; the tails are longer than in pelias ; the light-bordered spots in the basal part of the under surface have grey centres, as in pelias. Abyssinia and the adjacent parts of Somaliland. — baringana Rothsch. only differs from the type-form in the narrower discal band of the upper surface and the free red-brown spots at the distal side of the median band on the hindwing beneath. At Lake Baringo in British East Africa.[4]
Biology
editThe habitat consists of arid savanna.
The larvae feed on Salvadora persica, Osyris lanceolata, Colpoon compressum;[5] and Dobera glabra.Notes on the biology of hansali are provided by [6]
Subspecies
edit- C. h. hansali (northern, eastern and south-eastern Ethiopia, Somalia: north to the Wagga Mountains)
- C. h. arabica Riley, 1931 [7] (Oman)
- C. h. baringana Rothschild, 1905[8] (Tanzania: southern shores of Lake Victoria, eastern Rwanda, Kenya, northern Uganda, southern Sudan, southern Ethiopia)
- C. h. kulalae van Someren, 1975 [9] (Kenya: Mount Kulal, Ethiopia: south to Nighelli)
- C. h. yemeni Turlin, 1998 [10] (Yemen)
Related species
editHistorical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "Charaxes jasius Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision,[11] corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya during the Miocene,[12] 26 are now considered together as The jasius Group.[11] One of the two lineages forms a robust clade of seven species sharing a common ancestor approximately 2-3 mya, i.e. during the Pliocene,[12] and are considered as the jasius subgroup.[11]
The jasius Group (26 Species)
Clade 1: jasius subgroup (7 species):[11]
- Charaxes jasius
- Charaxes epijasius [stat.rev.2005][11]
- Charaxes legeri
- Charaxes saturnus [stat.rev.2005][11]
- Charaxes pelias
- Charaxes castor
- Charaxes hansali
Clade 2: contains the well-populated three additional subgroups (19 species) of the jasius Group, called the brutus, pollux, and eudoxus subgroups.[11] Further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships amongst existing Charaxes taxa is required to improve clarity.
References
edit
- ^ Felder, C. in Felder, C., and Felder, R. [1865-1867] Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara vi, 1- 549. [1865: 1-136; 1865: 137-378; 1867: 379-549]
- ^ "Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ^ "Afrotropical Butterflies: File H - Charaxinae - Tribe Charaxini". Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln
(The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ (Nigel Venters, at Markku Savela: Lepidoptera and some other life forms)
- ^ Larsen (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford: i-xxii, 1-490.
- ^ Riley, N.D. 1931. Two new Charaxes from southern Arabia. Entomologist 64: 279-280.
- ^ Rothschild, W. 1905. Some undescribed Lepidoptera. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 78-79.
- ^ van Someren, V.G.L. 1975. Revisional notes on African Charaxes, Palla and Euxanthe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part X. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 32 (3): 65-136.
- ^ Turlin, B. 1998 [New African Charaxinae (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae).] Lambillionea 98 (2) (Tome I): 181-189.
- ^ a b c d e f g Turlin, B. (2005). Bauer & Frankenbach (ed.). Butterflies of the World: Charaxes 1. Vol. 22. Keltern: Goecke & Evers. pp. 2–3. ISBN 3937783156.
- ^ a b "Out of Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions" Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine. Aduse-Poku, Vingerhoedt, Wahlberg. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2009) 53;463–478
- Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, 1971 Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VII. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)181-226.[1]
External links
edit[these links are non-functional since migration to BOLD-4. Update required]
- Charaxes hanseli hanseli images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
- Charaxes hansali baringana images at BOLD
- Charaxes hansali yemeni images at BOLD verso
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