Charlotte Houtermans (née Riefenstahl; 24 May 1899 in Bielefeld, Germany – 6 January 1993 in Northfield, Minnesota, United States) was a German physicist.
Education
editRiefenstahl began her studies at the Georg-August University of Göttingen in 1922, where her teachers included, among others, Max Born, Richard Courant, James Franck, David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, Robert Pohl, and Carl Runge. She received her doctorate under Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann[1] in 1927,[2] the same year as Robert Oppenheimer, under Born, and Fritz Houtermans, under Franck. She was courted by both Oppenheimer and Houtermans.[3][4]
Career
editRiefenstahl taught and was a research assistant at Vassar College,[5] later at Winthrop College.[6]
In 1930, Riefenstahl left Vassar and went back to Germany. During a physics conference at the Black Sea resort of Batumi, Riefenstahl and Houtermans were married in August 1930, with Wolfgang Pauli and Rudolf Peierls as witnesses to the ceremony.[7][4][8] (Three other references cite the year as being 1931.[3][9][10])
After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Charlotte Houtermans insisted that they leave Germany. They went to Great Britain, near Cambridge.[11] Max von Laue was the last to send them off, as he entrusted Charlotte with messages for friends abroad.[12] In 1935, Charlotte and Fritz left England for the Soviet Union, as Fritz accepted a job in Khar’kov. In 1937, he was arrested by the NKVD and imprisoned. Charlotte managed to escape to Denmark and eventually went back to England and then on to the United States.[13]
From 1940 she taught at Wellesley College.[14]
Charlotte was the first and third wife to Fritz Houtermans in four marriages. They were divorced in 1943, due to a new law in Germany and enforced wartime separation. They were again married in August 1953, with Pauli again standing as a witness; the marriage ended after only a few months. They had two children during their first marriage, Giovanna and Jan.[3][4][9][15][16][17][18][19]
Literature
edit- Monica Healea and Charlotte Houtermans The Relative Secondary Electron Emission Due to He, Ne, and A Ions Bombarding a Hot Nickel Target, Phys. Rev. Volume 58, Number 7, pp. 608–610 (1940). The authors are identified as being at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. Houtermans is identified as a Research Assistant in Physics. The article was received 17 June 1940.
- Monica Healea and Charlotte Houtermans The Effect of Temperature on the Secondary Electron Emission from Nickel, Phys. Rev. Volume 60, Number 2, 154–154 (1941). The authors are identified as being at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. The article was received 20 June 1941.[citation needed]
Books
edit- Gregor Wentzel, translated by Charlotte Houtermans and J. M. Jauch, with an Appendix by J. M. Jauch, Quantum Theory of Fields (Interscience, 1949) (Dover, 2003)
Bibliography
edit- Bird, Kai and Martin J. Sherwin American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (Vintage, 2005)
- Hentschel, Ann M. The Physical Tourist: Peripatetic Highlights in Bern, Physics in Perspective Volume 7, Number 1, 107–129 (2005). The author is cited as being at the Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, University of Bern, Uni-Tobler, Länggassstrasse 49a, CH-3012 Bern 9, Switzerland.
- Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0
- Khriplovich, Iosif B. The Eventful Life of Fritz Houtermans, Physics Today Volume 45, Issue 7, 29 – 37 (1992)
- Landrock, Konrad Friedrich Georg Houtermans (1903–1966) – Ein bedeutender Physiker des 20. Jahrhunderts, Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau Volume 56, Number 4, 187 – 199 (2003)
- Powers, Thomas Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb (Knopf, 1993) ISBN 0-394-51411-4
References
edit- ^ Gustav Tammann – A Russian chemist who helped found the science of metallurgy, not to be confused with Gustav Tammann.
- ^ As cited in Charlotte Riefenstahl Archived 26 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Nernst Memorial Website: Riefenstahl, Charlotte. Thesis title: Über den Walzvorgang und die Rekristallisation beim Silber und Gold. Die Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes bei den selbsthärtenden Legierungen Blei-Quecksilber und Blei-Natrium. Georg-August University of Göttingen, 1927, under Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann.
- ^ a b c Bird, 2005, 63 and 69.
- ^ a b c Charlotte Riefenstahl Archived 26 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Nernst Memorial Website
- ^ Riefenstahl is cited as a "Research Assistant in Physics" in Monica Healea and Charlotte Houtermans The Relative Secondary Electron Emission Due to He, Ne, and A Ions Bombarding a Hot Nickel Target, Phys. Rev. Volume 58, Number 7, pp. 608–610 (1940).
- ^ Misha Shifman: Standing Together in Troubled Times: Unpublished Letters of Pauli, Einstein, Franck And Others. World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, 2017, ISBN 978-981-3201-00-2, p. 75.
- ^ Landrock, 2003, 190.
- ^ Hentschel, Ann M., 2005, p. 124.
- ^ a b Houtermans Biography – Wolfram
- ^ Powers, 1993, p. 85.
- ^ Biography: Fritz Houtermans – Wolfram
- ^ Powers, 1993, p. 86.
- ^ Khriplovich, 1992, p. 33.
- ^ Misha Shifman: Standing Together in Troubled Times: Unpublished Letters of Pauli, Einstein, Franck And Others. World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, 2017; ISBN 978-981-3201-00-2, p. 42, 75–76.
- ^ Hentschel, Ann M., 2005, pp. 124 (continuation of footnote) and 127.
- ^ Landrock, 2003, 196–198.
- ^ Fritz Houtermans Archived 3 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
- ^ Landrock, 2005, 196.
- ^ Khriplovich, 1992, 32.
External links
edit- Biography: Fritz Houtermans – Wolfram
- Konrad Landrock – Friedrich Georg Houtermans (1903–1966) – Ein bedeutender Physiker des 20. Jahrhunderts
- Charlotte Riefenstahl – Nernst Memorial Website
- Gustav Tammann – Nernst Memorial Website. A picture of Charlotte Riefenstahl appears on this page; clicking on the picture calls up a larger version.
- Fritz Houtermans – Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften