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Charmouth Mudstone Formation

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The Charmouth Mudstone Formation is a geological formation in England, dating to the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian).[1] It forms part of the lower Lias Group. It is most prominently exposed at its type locality in cliff section between Lyme Regis and Charmouth (alongside the underlying Blue Lias) but onshore it extends northwards to Market Weighton, Yorkshire, and in the subsurface of the East Midlands Shelf and Wessex Basin. The formation is notable for its fossils, including those of ammonites and marine reptiles and rare dinosaur remains. The formation played a prominent role in the history of early paleontology, with its Lyme Regis-Charmouth exposure being frequented by fossil collectors including Mary Anning.

Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lower Sinemurian– Lower Pliensbachian Semicostatum-lowermost Margaritatus 198–188 Ma
Cliffs of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation at Charmouth, Dorset
TypeFormation
Unit ofLias Group
Sub-unitsShales With Beef Member, Black Ven Marl Member, Belemnite Marl Member, Green Ammonite Member
UnderliesDyrham Formation, Marlstone Rock Formation, unconformity with Gault (Charmouth area)
OverliesBlue Lias Formation, Scunthorpe Mudstone
AreaWessex Basin, Worcester Basin, East Midland Shelf
Thickness~335 m
Lithology
PrimaryShale, mudstone
OtherLimestone, sandstone
Location
RegionEngland
Country United Kingdom
Type section
Named forCharmouth
LocationCliff and foreshore exposures between Seven Rock Point and Golden Cap, Dorset

Stratigraphy

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Shales With Beef Member

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The Shales With Beef Member is around 28–30 metres thick in the Lyme Regis-Charmouth region and predominantly consists of thinly bedded medium to dark grey mudstone, blocky calcareous pale-weathering mudstone and brown-grey organic-rich mudstones with frequent bedding parallel veins of fibrous calcite ("beef"), that are usually less than 10 centimetres thick. Several beds of nodular and tabular limestone are also present. It is the lowest unit of the formation and directly overlies the Blue Lias Formation, with the boundary being marked by a prominent bioturbated horizon. Notable persistent marker beds within the member include the laminated calcareous siltstone "Fish Bed", "Table Ledge", which consists of lens beds of limestones with mud content with nests of rhynchonellid brachiopods, the Devonshire Head and the Spittles limestones and the Birchi Nodules (which are septarian concretions) The upper boundary with the Black Ven Marl Member is marked by the prominent laterally persistent limestone Birchi Tabular Bed.[2]

Black Ven Marl Member

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The Black Ven Marl Member is around 43 metres thick consists of thinly bedded dark mudstones,[3] with several laterally persistent cementstone horizons, notable horizons include the Lower and Upper Cement beds and the Stellare nodules.

Belemnite Marl Member

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The Belemnite Marl Member is around 20 to 27 metres thick, and consists of interbedded pale and dark grey calcareous mudstone, with numerous belemnites, hence the name. The top of the member is marked by the Belemnite Stone Bed[4]

Green Ammonite Member

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The Green Ammonite Member is up to 31 metres thick predominantly consists of medium grey mudstones, with 3 limestone horizons, Lower Limestone; Red Band, and Upper Limestone, it is conformably overlain by the Dyrham Formation in some areas,[5] but in the Charmouth area there is an erosive unconformable boundary with the much younger Early Cretaceous (Albian) aged Gault clays.

Paleobiota

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Vertebrate fauna of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation

Ammonites

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Ammonites of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Apoderoceras A. cf. dunrobinense, A. subtriangulare
Arnioceras A. semicostatum Semicostatum Zone
Asteroceras A. obtusum Obtusum zone
 
Caenisites
Cymbites
Echioceras E. raricostatum Raricostatum Zone
 
Eoderoceras E. bispinigerum
Gemmellaroceras G. cf. peregrinum Belemnite Marls
Oxynoticeras O. williamsi
Phricodoceras P. taylori, P. lamellosum Belemnite Marls
Promicroceras P. planicosta Obtusum Zone
 
Radstockiceras R. complicatum
Tragophylloceras T. ibex, T. loscombi Green Ammonite Member
Uptonia U. bronni
 
Xipheroceras

Sauropterygia

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Sauropterygia of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Archaeonectrus[6]

A. rostratus

Charmouth

Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone

BMNH 38525 (holotype skeleton)

A marine sauropterygian, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae

 

Attenborosaurus[7]

A. conybeari

  • Black Ven Water, Charmouth
  • Northwest corner of Black Ven Water

Asteroceras obtusum, Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zones

  • Holotype skeleton (now destroyed)
  • BMNH 40140, partial skeleton and skull

A marine sauropterygian, early member of the family Pliosauridae. It was first identified as Plesiosaurus conybeari.

 
Cast of the holotype

?Plesiosaurus[8]

? P. sp.

  • Eastern point of Wear Cliffs, below Golden Cap

Prodactylioceras davoei ammonoid zone

  • BRSMG Ce17972a-o, articulated juvenile partial postcranial skeleton

A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. A juvenile specimen that resembles those assigned to the genus Plesiosaurus. Its assignation is dubious.

Plesiosaurus[9]

P. dolichodeirus

  • Lyme Regis

Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone

  • Holotype (BMNH 22656)
  • Numerous specimens referred

A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. The typical plesiosaur, and one of the most common found on the formation.

 
Thaumatodracon[10] T. wiedenrothi Between Lyme Regis and Charmouth Black Ven NLMH 106.058, "a partial skeleton comprising a complete cranium, mandible, articulated cervical series, and indeterminate fragmentary remains" A rhomaleosaurid

Ichthyosauria

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Ichthyosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Ichthyosauria indet. Indeterminate Lyme Regis, Charmouth Indeterminate remains Un-attributable to any genus  

Ichthyosaurus

I. anningae[11]

Charmouth

Stonebarrow Marls Member

DONMG:1983.98 Subadult specimen

An ichthyosaurid ichthyosaur

 

Ichthyosaurus sp.

West of Westhay Water, Stonebarrow

Stonebarrow Marls Member

NHMUK R15907, partial skeleton[12]

Considered to belong to I. communis by Bennett et al. 2012, considered indeterminate within Ichthyosaurus by Lomax and Massare 2015

Leptonectes

L. moorei[13]

Seatown

Belemnite Marls Member

BMNH R14370 partial anterior skeleton with most complete skull

A leptonectid ichthyosaur

L. solei[14]

Seatown

Acanthopleuroceras valdani Subzone, Tragophylloceras ibex Zone, lower Pliensbachian

NMW 91.296.2.2 "a large, isolated and incomplete forefin"

Temnodontosaurus T. platyodon[15]
 
Temnodontosaurus platyodon.

Thalattosuchia

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Thalattosuchia of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Thalattosuchia[16] Indeterminate
  • Stonebarrow beach, Charmouth
  • Conesby Quarry, Scunthorpe
 Black Ven Mudstone Member
  • NHMUK PV R 36710, incomplete snout
  • NHMUK PV R 9731, axis and four post-axial cervical vertebrae. Two incomplete axial ribs, the lef fourth cervical rib, and two cervical rib fragments
  • NHMUK PV R 36 711, dorsal vertebra from the caudal end of the dorsal series, and the neural arch of another dorsal vertebra, both held together by matrix
 Early Thalattosaurian specimens that can´t be referred to any concrete genus. Includes a possible early diverging metriorhynchoid

Turnersuchus[17]

T. hingleyae

1 kilometer west of the Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre

Belemnite Marl Member

LRM 2021/45, a partial skeleton including cranial material, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, right pectoral girdle, partial limb bones, and an osteoderm

An early diverging thalattosuchian.

 

Pterosauria

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Pterosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Dimorphodon[18]

D. macronyx

  • Charmouth
  • Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • Tail Fragments
  • Tibia
  • Femur
  • Humerus
  • Phalanax
  • Metacarps
  • Semi-Complete Skeletons

A basal pterosaur and the type member of the family Dimorphodontidae.

 

Dimorphodontidae[19][20]

Indeterminate

  • Charmouth, Black Ven
  • Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • OUM J.53070
  • NHMUK PV R1595, wing phalanges

A basal dimorphodontid pterosaur. Known as "Charmouth dimorphodontid" it shares resemblance with the genus Dimorphodon.

Indeterminate[21]

  • Near Seatown

Lower Pliensbachian member

Associated remains of the rostrum and mandibles

A basal dimorphodontid pterosaur. The relatively deep rostrum and extreme size dimorphism in the dentition show clear similarities to Dimorphodon, also from the Lias of Dorset. The distinctive dentition, in which the first four pairs of rostral teeth and two pairs of mandibular teeth are relatively large and fang-like, while the remaining teeth are remarkably small and short.[21]

Dinosauria

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Dinosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Coelophysidae[22][23]

"Megalosaurus" lydekkeri

Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK OR 41352, isolated tooth

A theropod, possibly a member of Coelophysidae inside Neotheropoda. Invalid and non diagnostic. It was identified as Zanclodon(?) sp. b., Megalosaurus lydekkeri and reassigned as Magnosaurus(?) lydekkeri.[24] Mortimer found that was changed to "Megalosaurus" woodwardi later.[24] It was found on mostly of recent works to be non diagnostic, probably a coelophysoid.[23]

Dornraptor[25]

D. normani

Lower cliff face, Charmouth

Black Ven Marl Member (Likely)

  • NHMUK OR 39496, Partial hind limb
  • GSM 109560, left femur

An Averostran theropod, possible Ceratosaur or Tetanuran. In 2024 was formally described, but referred to the older Blue Lias.[25] A paper non quoted on the description relocated it on the Charmouth mudstone.[26]

 

Neotheropoda[26]

Indeterminate

Near Lyme Regis

obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone

  • NHMUK PV R36855, Left fibula, ~ 17 cm long

A theropod, possibly a basal member of Neotheropoda. Previously misidentified as a referred specimen of the pterosaur Dimorphodon macronyx.[27] NHMUK PV R36855 differs from those of all other Early Jurassic-Late Triassic, theropods in its combination of features, but bears no discernible autapomorphies.[26] It is similar to Tawa, Dracoraptor and Liliensternus, being considered an early branching neotheropod, with a size range similar to Coelophysis bauri, representing an individual of approximately 10 kg, approximately the same size as Coelophysis bauri.[26]

 

Massopoda[28]

Indeterminate

lower cliff face, Charmouth

obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone

  • GSM 109561 pedal ungual

A sauropodomorph, possibly a member of Massopoda. While it was not associated with BMNH 39496 or GSM 109560 and was not assigned to "Merosaurus" it was classified as coming from an indeterminate theropod. Mortimer found closer resemblance with pedal unguals of basal massopods like Blikanasaurus and Jingshanosaurus.[29]

Scelidosaurus[30][31]

S. harrisonii

  • Charmouth, Black Ven
  • Black Ven landslip

Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK OR42068. Six osteoderms
  • NHMUK OR42070. Phalanx.
  • NHMUK OR42072. Large bone fragment – indet.
  • NHMUK OR42074. Ulna (paired with NHMOR41323).
  • NHMUK OR43062. Shaft of a large humerus, crushed proximal femur, fibula, fragmentary radius?, other large bone fragments
  • NHMUK OR46011. Probable rib fragment – indet.
  • BRSMG Ce12785. Partial skull and some disarticulated postcranial elements
  • BRSMG Ce12787. Partly eroded femur and vertebra
  • BRSMG Ce12788. cervical osteoderms.
  • BRSMG Ce12789. Vertebra and bone fragments
  • BRSMG Cf2781. nine middle-distal caudal vertebrae and some haemal arches with some organic (kerogenized) remains of the skin preserved.
  • BRSMG LEGL 0004. Articulated skeleton
  • BRSMG LEGL 0005. Articulated partial skeleton
  • DORCM G.7542. Osteoderms
  • DORCM G.10817. Osteoderms
  • CAMSM X39256. Cranial: disarticulated skull and jaw elements

A basal thyreophoran, and the type member of the family Scelidosauridae. One of the best known armored dinosaurs of the lower Jurassic, also the most complete found to date, with specimens preserving even the skin and dermal armour.[31]

 

S. "sp. A"

Belemnite Marls at Seatown

  • DORCM G.7842. Three dorsal vertebrae in articulation

Cf. S. sp.

Foot of Black Ven, Charmouth

Asteroceras obtusum ammonoid zone, Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK R6704, juvenile specimen
  • NHMUK R12019. A posterior fragment of the occiput and an articulated series of six cervical vertebrae
  • NHMUK R10103. Indeterminate bone fragments
  • NHMUK OR28333. Two scapulae
  • NHMUK OR32396. Radius
  • NHMUK OR39516. Osteoderms.
  • NHMUK OR39517. Caudal or?sacral vertebra, small distal caudal vertebra, small distal caudal
  • NHMUK OR39518. Haemal arch (chevron).
  • NHMUK OR39519. Two phalanges.
  • NHMUK OR39520. Ungual phalanx of ?pes.
  • NHMUK OR39521. Several bone fragments.
  • NHMUK OR40503. Tibia (proximal end).
  • NHMUK OR41322. Femur
  • NHMUK OR41323. Radius
  • NHMUK OR41324. Scapular blade
  • NHMUK OR41325. Humerus
  • NHMUK OR41326. Fibula
  • NHMUK OR41327. Two caudal vertebrae
  • NHMUK OR41328. Three metatarsals
  • NHMUK OR41329. Osteoderm
  • NHMUK OR41330. Ischium

Fish

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Numerous fish species are known from the Charmouth Mudstone and underlying Blue Lias, from such horizons as the "Fish Bed" of the Shales With Beef Member.

Fish of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrodus A hybodont shark
Hybodus A hybodont shark
Palidiplospinax A synechodontiform shark
Squaloraja S. tenuispina, S. polyspondyla Closely related to modern chimaeras
Myriacanthus M. paradoxus, M. granulatus Black Ven Marl Member A myriacanthid closely related to modern chimaeras
Dorsetichthys D. bechei A stem-group teleost
 
"Coccolepis" "C." liassicus A coccolepidid fish, probably does not belong to the genus
Holophagus H. gulo A coelacanth
Chondrosteus C. acipenseroides A chondrosteid acipenseriform fish, related to sturgeon and paddlefish
 
Oxygnathus O. ornatus A palaeonisciform fish
Saurorhynchus S. brevirostris, S. anningae A member of Saurichthyiformes
Ptycholepis P. gracilis, P. curtus A palaeonisciform fish
Dapedium Spp. A dapediiform fish
Caturus Spp. An amiiform fish related to bowfins
Platysiagum P. sclerocephalum A platysiagid fish
Furo F. orthostomus A member of Ionoscopiformes within Halecomorphi

Insects

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Numerous species of insect are known from concretions, predominately in the Black Ven Marl Member.[32][33][34][35]

Insects of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anglophlebia[36] A. gigantea Woodstones, Black Ven Black Ven Marl Member NHMUK In.51030, part and counterpart of partial forewing Damsel-dragonfly  
Archaeolepis[37] A. mane Birchi Nodules, Black Ven Shales with Beef Isolated wing Among the oldest known lepidopterans
Archelcana[37] A. durnovaria Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59162 Elcanid orthopteran
Austaulius[38] A. haustrum Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis Black Ven Marl Member NHMUK II 3103 Necrotauliid caddisfly
Brevicula[37][39][40] B. gradus, B. maculata Flatstones, Woodstones;Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis Black Ven Marl Member B. gradus: Holotype: NHMUK In.53993, female with ovipositor, B. maculata: Holotype: NHMUK II.3086, isolated Tegmina Dermapterid earwig
 
Brochocoleus[37] B. maculatus Flatstones, Stonebarrow Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49577, 59133, 59361, 59154 Ommatid beetle
Chrismooreia[41] C. michaelbehei Charmouth Obtusum Zone Part and counterpart of a mostly complete specimen Asiopterid damsel-dragonfly
 
Dacryoderma[40] B. teres Charmouth-by-pass construction site Obtusum Zone Isolated tegmen Dermapterid earwig
Daniilacheta[42] D. aristovi Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member ZIN LD/Orth 19 Protogryllidae cricket
Dorsettia[37] D. laeta Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59375, a male hindwing fragment Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China
Durnovaria[37] D. parallela Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59171 Aerophasmatid, Stem group of Phasmatodea
Elaterina[37] E. liassica Lyme Regis Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59369 Click beetle
Elaterophanes[39] E. regius Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59385, 53952 Click beetle
Eoptychoptera[37] E. spectra Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49226 Ptychopterid fly, formerly referred to the genus Prodocidia
Hagla[37] H. cf. gracilis Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59167 Haglidae hump-winged cricket
Holcoptera[36][37][39] H. giebeli, H. alisonae; H. schlotheimi Flatstones; Bed 75, Black Ven; Catherstone Lane; Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis Black Ven Marl Member Complete specimen, isolated wings Coptoclavid beetle
 
Hypsothemis[37] H. fraseri Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59109, a hindwing Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China and Kazakhstan
Jurachorista[43] J. bashkuevi Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member ISEA I-F/MP/4/1637/14 Eomeropid scorpionfly
Lateophlebia[37] L. anglicanopsis Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49573, 59376 Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
Lethonectes[44] L. naucoroides Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49615, 51014(59383) Belostomatidae giant water bug
Liassocorixa[44] L. dorsetica Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59166 Corixid bug
Liassocupes[36] L. parvus Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 64008, 49210 Ommatid beetle
Liassophlebia[37] L. pseudomagnifica Stonebarrow Black Ven Marl Member NHMUK In.64000, partial hindwing Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
 
Locustopsis[37][42] L. spectabilis Flatstones; Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Black Ven Marl Member ZIN LD/Orth 1, Orth 4, Orth 10, Orth 18, Orth 31 Locustopsid grasshopper
Megarhyphus[45] M. amberae Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member NHML In 28447 Anisopodidae wood gnat
"Mesocixiella"[37] "M." fennahi Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53942 Fulgoridiid planthopper, does not belong to the genus Mesocixiella
Metaraphidia[37] M. confusa Charmouth (GSM) Black Ven Marl Member GSM 117552 Snakefly
Micromacula[37] M. gracilis Flatstones, Birchi Nodules; Flatstones, Black Ven Shales with Beef; Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49230 Regiatid orthopteran
Mimemala[37] M. giganteum Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 51026 Schizocoleid beetle
Nannoblattina[37] N. petulantia Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53929, 51004 Mesoblattinid cockroach
Nannotanyderus[46] N. oliviae Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member ISEA I-F/MP/2/1621/13, 12 Tanyderid fly
Neomeridium[44] N. trifurcum Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59151, 51039, 53901, 64014 Pachymeridiid Lygaeoid bug
Oligophryne[47] O. britannica Stonebarrow Hill Black Ven Marl Member Coll. Ansorge fly No 1 Oligophrynidae fly
Omma[37] O. liassicum Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH 59132 Ommatid beetle, genus extant
Orthophlebia[37] O. capillata Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53924, an exoskeleton (wings & thorax) Orthophlebiid scorpionfly
Orichalcum[37] O. ornatum Flatstones, Birchi Nodules Shales with Beef BMNH In 53983 Triassomanteidae grasshopper
Paraprosbole[37] P. rotruda Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59374, 48162, 64395 Tettigarctid cicada
Propreocoris[44] P. maculatus Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59152 Stem-group to Ochteridae and Gelastocoridae
Protogryllus[37] P. (Archaegryllodes) magnus Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 44003, 51016, 51022, 59373 Protogryllidae cricket
Protohagla[36][37] P. langi Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 59018 Haglid cricket
Protomyrmeleon[41] P. cf. brunonis Charmouth burden pile Black Ven Marl Member AR 428 Protomyrmeleontidae winged insect
Protorthophlebia[37] P. latipennis Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49575, 53954, 53963, 59120, 59365, 59371, 59384 Protorthophlebiid scorpionfly
Priscaenigma[37] P. obtusa Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53898 Snakefly
Pseudopolycentropus[36] P. triangularis Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53915 Pseudopolycentropodid scorpionfly
Pterocimex[44] P. jacksoni Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH in 53909, 49589, 51048, 59359 Nepomorphan
Regiata[37] R. scutra Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 64027 Regiatid orthopteran
Rhipidoblattina[37] R. ssp. Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 49212, 49249, 53909, 53920 Caloblattinidae cockroach
Rossiphlebia[37] R. jacksoni Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member NHMUK In.53999, part and counterpart of a partial hindwing Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
 
Tarsabedus[44] T. menkei 0.6 km east Charmouth Black Ven Marl Member BRSMG Cc 688 Belostomatidae giant water bug
Tersus[37] T. crowsoni Flatstones Black Ven Marl Member BMNH In 53949, 59038 Schizophorid beetle

Plants

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Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Ctenozamites[48]
  • C. cycadea
  • Lyme regis
  • Charmouth
 Isolated shoots A "Seed Fern" of the group with Corystospermales
Cycadites[48]
  • C. rectangularis
  • Lyme regis
 Isolated shoots A possible Cycadophyte leaf, related with Cycadales. Alternatively, it can be of Bennettite origin
Cycadeoidea[48]
  • C. gracilis
  • Lyme regis
 Stems Bennettite Trunks of the family Cycadeoidaceae
 
Example of specimen of the genus
Cycadopteris[48]
  • C. jurensis
  • Lyme regis
 Isolated shoots A "Seed Fern" of the group with Corystospermales
 
Shoot of the same species
Otozamites[49]
  • O. obtusus
  • Lyme regis
  • Charmouth
  • Seatown
 Isolated shoots Bennettite leafs of the family Williamsoniaceae
 
Shoot of the same species
Pagiophyllum[49]
  • P. peregrinum
  • P. sewardii
  • Lyme regis
  • Charmouth
  • Seatown
  • Wear Cliffs
 Isolated shoots Conifer shoots of the family Hirmeriellaceae or Araucariaceae
 
Shoot of the same species

See also

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References

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  1. ^ British Geological Survey. "Charmouth Mudstone Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  2. ^ Gallois, R.W. (2008). The lithostratigraphy of the Shales-with-Beef Member of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lower Jurassic (PDF). Ussher Society. OCLC 703253954.
  3. ^ "Black Ven Marl Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  4. ^ "Belemnite Marl Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  5. ^ "Green Ammonite Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  6. ^ Owen (1865). "Monograph of the Fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations. Part First. Sauropterygia". Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society. 17 (75): 1–40. Bibcode:1865MPalS..17....1O. doi:10.1080/02693445.1865.12027939. ISSN 0269-3445.
  7. ^ Sollas, W. J. (1881). "On a new Species of Plesiosaurus (P. Conybeari) from the Lower Lias of Charmouth; with Observations on P. megacephalus, Stutchbury, and P. brachycephalus, Owen". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 37 (1–4): 440–481. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1881.037.01-04.42. ISSN 0370-291X.
  8. ^ Storrs, G. W. (1995). "A juvenile specimen of ? Plesiosaurus sp. from the Lias (Lower Jurassic, Pliensbachian) near Charmouth, Dorset, England". Proceedings of the Dorsal Archaeological and Natural History Society. 116 (2): 71–76.
  9. ^ CONYBEARE, W. D. (1824). "XXI.—On the Discovery of an almost perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus". Transactions of the Geological Society of London. 1 (2): 381–389. doi:10.1144/transgslb.1.2.381. ISSN 2042-5295.
  10. ^ Smith, Adam S.; Araújo, Ricardo (2017-07-21). "Thaumatodracon wiedenrothi, a morphometrically and stratigraphically intermediate new rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurian from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Lyme Regis". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 308 (4–6): 89–125. Bibcode:2017PalAA.308...89S. doi:10.1127/pala/308/2017/89. ISSN 0375-0442.
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